FIFTH SECTION

CASE OF GREBENYUK v. UKRAINE

(Application no. 42805/23)

JUDGMENT

STRASBOURG

30 April 2025

This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.

In the case of Grebenyuk v. Ukraine,

The European Court of Human Rights (Fifth Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:

Diana Sârcu, President,
Kateřina Šimáčková,
Mykola Gnatovskyy, judges,

and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar,

Having deliberated in private on 27 March 2025,

Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:

PROCEDURE

1. The case originated in an application against Ukraine lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on 24 November 2023.

2. The Ukrainian Government (“the Government”) were given notice of the application.

THE FACTS

3. The applicant’s details and information relevant to the application are set out in the appended table.

THE LAW

ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 2 of the Convention

4. The applicant complained of the ineffective investigation into a life‑threatening accident without involvement of State agents. He relied in substance on Article 2 of the Convention.

5. The Court notes at the outset that the present case falls to be examined from the perspective of the State’s obligation to conduct an effective investigation under the procedural limb of Article 2 of the Convention. The relevant general principles concerning the effectiveness of the investigation were summarised in Mustafa Tunç and Fecire Tunç v. Turkey [GC] (no. 24014/05, §§ 169-82, 14 April 2015). In particular, once the investigative obligation is triggered, compliance with the procedural requirement of Article 2 is assessed on the basis of several essential parameters: the adequacy of the investigative measures, the promptness of the investigation, the involvement of the deceased person’s family, and the independence of the investigation. These elements are inter‑related and each of them, taken separately, does not amount to an end in itself (ibid., § 225).

6. Moreover, this is not an obligation of results to be achieved but of means to be employed. The Court accepts that not every investigation is necessarily successful or comes to a conclusion coinciding with the claimant’s account of events. However, it should, in principle, be capable of leading to the establishment of the facts of the case and, if the allegations prove to be true, to the identification and punishment of those responsible (see Paul and Audrey Edwards v. the United Kingdom, no. 46477/99, § 71, ECHR 2002-II).

7. Reviewing the facts of the present case in the light of those principles, the Court considers that the investigation was marked by various shortcomings, which had undermined the ability of the investigating authorities to establish the circumstances of the life-threatening accident, and who, if anyone, was responsible. The specific shortcomings are indicated in the appended table.

8. In the leading cases of Kachurka v. Ukraine (no. 4737/06, 15 September 2011), Pozhyvotko v. Ukraine (no. 42752/08, 17 October 2013), and Basyuk v. Ukraine (no. 51151/10, 5 November 2015), the Court already found violations in respect of issues similar to those in the present case.

9. Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion on the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the investigation failed to meet the criteria of effectiveness.

10. These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 2 of the Convention under its procedural limb.

APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION

11. Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case‑law (see, in particular, Basyuk, cited above, §§ 74-80), the Court considers it reasonable to award the sum indicated in the appended table.

FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,

Declares the application admissible;
Holds that this application discloses a breach of Article 2 of the Convention concerning the ineffective investigation into a life‑threatening accident without involvement of State agents;
Holds

(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicant, within three months, the amount indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;

(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amount at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points.

Done in English, and notified in writing on 30 April 2025, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.

Viktoriya Maradudina Diana Sârcu
Acting Deputy Registrar President

APPENDIX

Application raising complaints under Article 2 of the Convention

(ineffective investigation into deaths or life-threatening accidents without involvement of State agents)

Application no. Date of introduction	Applicant’s name Year of birth	Background to the case and domestic proceedings	Key issues	Amount awarded for non-pecuniary damage per applicant (in euros)[1]
42805/23 24/11/2023	Maksym Vasylyovych GREBENYUK 1976	On 28/07/2011 the applicant had a traffic accident, while crossing a road, resulting in injuries of moderate severity. Criminal proceedings regarding the accident were initiated on 30/11/2011. On 24/12/2011 the applicant was officially declared a victim in the proceedings, and on 30/01/2012, a civil claimant. On six occasions criminal proceedings were terminated due to the lack of elements of the crime. Those decisions were subsequently quashed by the domestic courts for failure to carry out a thorough investigation and to comply with the prosecutors’ instructions to carry out the investigation. Seven forensic examinations were conducted during the investigation. On 29/02/2024 the proceedings were again terminated. The applicant argued that he had not been properly informed of this decision and had learned of it only after the Government had submitted their observations in the case. He further noted that he had lodged a request seeking cancellation of that decision.	Investigation criticised by the national authorities themselves for lack of efficiency (Prynda v. Ukraine, no. 10904/05, § 56, 31 July 2012; Pozhyvotko v. Ukraine, no. 42752/08, § 40, 17 October 2013), lack of thoroughness and promptness which undermined the authorities’ ability to establish the circumstances of the case (Igor Shevchenko v. Ukraine, no. 22737/04, § 60, 12 January 2012; Zubkova v. Ukraine, no. 36660/08, § 40, 17 October 2013), no genuine attempt by the investigating authorities to carry out a thorough investigation (Lyubov Efimenko v. Ukraine, no. 75726/01, §§ 76-80, 25 November 2010; Yuriy Slyusar v. Ukraine, no. 39797/05, §§ 84-88, 17 January 2013), repeated remittals of the case for additional investigation owing to the insufficiency of the measures taken by the investigators (Antonov v. Ukraine, no. 28096/04, § 50, 3 November 2011), unusually high number of repeated forensic examinations (Basyuk v. Ukraine, no. 51151/10, § 68, 5 November 2015).	6,000

Application no.

Date of introduction

Applicant’s name

Year of birth

Background to the case and domestic proceedings

Key issues

Amount awarded for non-pecuniary damage per applicant

(in euros)[1]

42805/23

24/11/2023

Maksym Vasylyovych GREBENYUK

1976

On 28/07/2011 the applicant had a traffic accident, while crossing a road, resulting in injuries of moderate severity. Criminal proceedings regarding the accident were initiated on 30/11/2011. On 24/12/2011 the applicant was officially declared a victim in the proceedings, and on 30/01/2012, a civil claimant. On six occasions criminal proceedings were terminated due to the lack of elements of the crime. Those decisions were subsequently quashed by the domestic courts for failure to carry out a thorough investigation and to comply with the prosecutors’ instructions to carry out the investigation.

Seven forensic examinations were conducted during the investigation. On 29/02/2024 the proceedings were again terminated. The applicant argued that he had not been properly informed of this decision and had learned of it only after the Government had submitted their observations in the case. He further noted that he had lodged a request seeking cancellation of that decision.

Investigation criticised by the national authorities themselves for lack of efficiency (Prynda v. Ukraine, no. 10904/05, § 56, 31 July 2012; Pozhyvotko v. Ukraine, no. 42752/08, § 40, 17 October 2013),

lack of thoroughness and promptness which undermined the authorities’ ability to establish the circumstances of the case (Igor Shevchenko v. Ukraine, no. 22737/04, § 60, 12 January 2012; Zubkova v. Ukraine, no. 36660/08, § 40, 17 October 2013),

no genuine attempt by the investigating authorities to carry out a thorough investigation (Lyubov Efimenko v. Ukraine, no. 75726/01,

§§ 76-80, 25 November 2010; Yuriy Slyusar v. Ukraine, no. 39797/05, §§ 84-88, 17 January 2013),

repeated remittals of the case for additional investigation owing to the insufficiency of the measures taken by the investigators (Antonov v. Ukraine, no. 28096/04, § 50, 3 November 2011),

unusually high number of repeated forensic examinations (Basyuk v. Ukraine, no. 51151/10, § 68, 5 November 2015).

6,000

[1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicant.