APPLICATION/REQUETE N° 8317/7 8 Thomas McFEELEY et al . v/the UNITED KINGDO M Thomas McFEELEY et al . c/ROYAUME-UN I DECISION of 15 May 1980 on the admissibility ot the applicatio n DÉCISION du 15 mai 1980 sur la recevabilité de la requête Article 3 of the Convention : Situation arising from a protest campaign by prisoners demanding special status as political prisoners consisting on the one side of refusal to wear prison uniform, to wash and to use the lavatories and on the other side of the continuous application of disciplinary measures, including in particular periods of celtular isolation. The fact that such a situation arises from prisoners' protests does not releave the authorities from their obligations under Article 3 . Detailed consideration of the secunty measures and penalties imposed by the prison authorities. No appearance of inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment . Article 6, paragraph 1, of the Convention : Provision inapplicable, in the present case, to the disciptinary awards against protesting prisoners, given the nature of the offences and the penalties imposed. Article 8 of the Convention Measures taken by the prison authorities infringing protesting prisoners' privaie lives and privacy, but justified, in this case, as necessary for public safety and for the prevention of crime . Articles 8 and 10 of the Convention : Where interference is alleged in the communication of information or ideas by correspondence, Article 8 is the lex specialis, rather than Article 10 Article 9 of the Convention The right to a special status for political prisoners cannot be derived from this provlsion . Article 10 of the Convention Restricrions, imposed by way of penafty on protesting prisoners, as to their access to means of mass communication . ustified, in this case, as necessary for the prevention of disorder . - 44 - Article 11 of the Convention : A right for prisoners to have contact with other prisoners cannot be derived from this provision. Article 14 of the Convention, in conjunction with Articles 3 and 8 of the Convention : Examination of the reasons provided by the United Kingdom Government for justifying certain differences in prlson treatment between men and women convicted of crimes connected with the activities of the IRA. No discrimination . Article 14 of the Convention in conjunction with Article 8 of the Convention : Examination of the reasons provided by the United Kingdom Government to justify the abandoning of special status afforded to prisoners convicted of crimes linked to the activities of the IRA before 7976. No discrimination . Article 18 of the Convention : Lack of evidence to show that the prison aurhoritrés isolated a prisoner in .order to break his will, rather than for the substantial reasons which they put forward. Article 26 of the Convention : a. An application for certiorari is not an effecrive remedy against disciplinary punishments properly imposed by the Governor of a United Kingdom orison . b. Where conditions of imprisonment are concerned, an action for damages in tort is not a remedy which must be pursued unless an assault has occurred. The same is not true of a complaint to the Prison Board of Visitors or to the Home Secretary . c. Conditions of imprisonment and the repeated imposition of disciplinary punishments on a permanent basis give rise to a 'continuing situation'. While this situation continues, the six month's rule does not apply . Article 27, paragraph 2, of the Convention : An application is not an abuse, merely by virtue of the fact that it /s motivated by the desire for publicity or propaganda . lt may however be, if it is not supported by facts or is outside the scope of the Convention's operation . Article 3 de la Convention : Situation issue d'une action de protestation entreprise par des détenus revendiquant un statut spécial de détenus politiques et se caractérisant, d'une part, par le refus de porter l'uniforme pénitentiaire, de se laver et d'utiliser les toilettes et, d'autre part, par une politique de mesures disciplinaires continues, comprenant notamment des périodes d'isolement en cellule . Le fait que pareille situation ait pour origine la volonté de contestatio n des détenus ne re/éve pas les autorités des obligations que leur impose l'article 3 . 45 Exanren détaillé des mesures de sécurité et des sanc(ions prises par les aurorités pénitentiaires. Pas d'apparence de peines ou traitements inhumains ou dégr3dants . Article 6, paragraphe 1, de la Convention : Disposition inapplicable, en l'espéce, aux prononcés disciplinaires é l'Ggard de détenus constestataires, vu la nature des infractions et des sanctions . Article 8 de la Convention : Mesures portant atteinte é la vie privée et é l'intimité, prises par les autorités pénitentiaires à l'égard des détenus contes- tataires, mars justifiées, en l'espéce, comme nécessaires à la sOreté publique et à/a préven(ion des infractions péna/es . Articles 8 et 10 de la Convention : S'agissant d'entraves a//éguées A !a transmission d'informations ou d'idées par voie de correspondance, l'article 8 esr lex speclalis par rapport B l'article 10. Articfe 9 de la Convention : On ne saurait déduire de cette disposition un droit à un statut spécial de détenu politique . Article 10 de la Convention : Restrictions, imposées à titre de sanction à des détenus contestataires, quant à l'accés aux moyens de communication de . masse Mesure justifiée, en /'espéce, comme nécessaire 2/a défense de l'ordre . Article 11 de la Convention : On ne saurait déduire de cette disposition un droit des détenus à avoir des contacts avec d'autres détenus. Artic% 14 de la Convention, combiné avec les articles 3 et 8 de la Convention : Examen des motifs avancés par les autorités britanniques pour justifier certaines différences de traitement pénitentiaire entre femmes et hommes condamnés pour des infractions liées aux activités de l'IRA Absence de discrimination . Articfe 14 de la Convention, combiné avec l'article 8 de la Convention : Examen des motifs avancés par les autorités britanniques pour justifier la suppression du sratut spécial qui avait été accordé aux personnes condamnées pour des infractions liées aux activités de l'IRA . Absence de discrimination Article 18 de fa Convention : Absence d'éléments montrant que les autorités pénitentiaires auraient isolé un détenu pour briser sa volonté, et non pour les motifs matériels avancés par elles. Article 26 de fa Convention : n . Une demande d'ordonnance dite de certiorari ne constitue pas un recours efficace contre des sanctions disciplinaires régulièrement prononcées par le direcreur d'une prison britannique 48 b . S'agissant des conditions de la détention, une demande de dommages- intéréts pour acte illicite (Law of torts) ne constitue pas, sauf atteinte à l'intégrité corporelle, un recours qu'il est nécessaire d'exercer. ll en va autrement d'une plainte à la commission des visiteurs des prisons ou au minisrére compétent . c. Les conditions de la détention et le prononcé renouvelé de sanctions disciplinaires à effet permanent donnent lieu à une "situation continue". Lorsque cetre situa(ion perdure, le délai de six mois ne trouve pas à s'appliquer . Article 27, paragraphe 2, de la Convention : Une requéte inspirée par un désir de publicité ou de propagande n'est pas abusive de ce seul fait . Elle pourrait l'étre sr; en outrr„ elle n'est étayée par aucun fait ou sort du champ d'application de la Convention . THE FACTS Ileinr.ais : voir p. ICl'f l The facts of the case, some of which are disputed by the parties, may be summarised as follow s The applicants are all prisoners convicteO of scheduled "terrorist-type" olfences under the Law of Northern Ireland as defined in the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisionsl Act 1978 and by virtue of the special procedures provided for under that Act . They are all serving their sentences at H .M. Prison. The Maze, Northern Ireland . The applicants ar e Thomas McFeeley, convicted on 4 February 1977 of attempted wounding . ol possession of a firearm with intent to endanger life, of use of a firearm with intent to prevent arrest, of possession of a firearm in suspicious circumstances, and of two offences of robbery . He was given sentences lotalling 26 years imprisonment In 1974 the applicant, accompanied by others, blasted his way out of Portlaoise Prison, near Dublin . Kieran Nugent, convicted on 14 September 1976 of "hijacking" a vehicle He was sentenced to three years' imprisonment . ' John Hunter, convicted on 27 September 1977 of two offences of possessing explosive substances and was sentenced to five years' imprisonmen t Tho apulicam Nugent was mlcascd Irom wicon rni 11 May 1978 . 47 William Campbell, convicted on 16 June 1977 of . possession of a firearm and ammunition with intent to endanger life, and possession of firearms and ammunition in suspicious circumstances . He was sentenced to twelve years' imprisonment . They are represented by Mr . Francis Keenan, Solicitor, Belfast, and Professor Kevin Boyle . University College, Galway, who have submitted powers of attorney to this effec t Special category status It is explained that in June 1972, in the face of a hunger strike involving a number of prisoners, the Government of the day introduced "special category" status for prisoners involved with paramilitary organisations Because of the large numbers involved and the lack of normal cell accommodation, special category prisoners were housed in compounds . They were not to be required to work, could wear their own clothes and were allowed additional privileges, including extra visits and food parcels . By the end of 1974 the number of special category prisoners had risen from 688 at the end of 1973 to 1 065 housed in compounds at The Maze, Magilligan and in Belfast In November 1975 the Secretary of State announced the Government's intention to phase out special category status . This followed a recommen- dation from the Gardiner Committee Report' where it had been remarked that prisons of the compound type involve a total loss of disciplinary control by the prison authorities inside the compounds and make rehabilitation work impossible . The phasing out process began with effect from 1 March 1976 ; no prisoner convicted of an offence committed on or after that date has been granted special category treatment regardless of the nature of his offence" . Simultaneously with the coming into force of this ruling, the Government introduced new provisions relating to the earning of remission for all sentenced prisoners contained in the Treatment of Offenders INorthern Ireland) Order 1976 . Remission may now be granted for not more than one half of the total sentence pronounced, whereas previously the maximum remission was one-third of a sentence only . As the applicants were all convicted of scheduled offences committed after 1 March 1976, they are required to serve their sentences according t o ' Report of a Commlltee to consider . in the context of civil liberties and human rights, measures to deal wnh terraism in Northern Ireland ICmnd . 58471 . " At ihe end ol February 1976 there weie more Ihan 1 500 soecial category prisoners . By 10 December 1978 the nuniber had lallen to 617, essentlallv as a result of Ihe releasE of orisoners whose serllences had heen comoleted - 48 - the regime which applies to ordinary prisoners . The applicants have, on grounds of conscience, refused to conform to the initial requirement of wearing the prison underclothes and footwear supplied . Their own clothing having been removed, they have thus remained naked and without footwear throughout their imprisonment . They have equally refused to engage in prison work on grounds of conscience . The applicants state that in the course of 1977 and 1978 there have been two major deteriorations in their circumstances since sentence and their refusal to wear prison uniform or engage in prison work . They state that for purposes of going to the washroom or to use toilet facilities they were permitted to leive their cells wrapped in a blanket . However, subsequently they were forbidden to remove the blanket from the cell . Consequently they used a towel to gird their bodies en route to the toilet and wash facilities. However, no further towel was supplied for purposes of washing and shaving . Accordingly, to use the towei after washing, the applicants were by necessity required to stand naked. This they regarded as degrading and unhygienic . They requested that an extra towel be supplied as was available to other prisoners but this was refused . As a protest against this they refused, at first, to shave . Subsequently they also refused to wash or leave their cells for this purpose . Secondly, they say that around February 1978, because of allegedly excessive supervision during the use of the toilet facilities where they claim to have been strip-searched, involving a search of the orifices, and overlooked while using the toilet, they refused to leave their cells for toilet purposes during the day, using instead the night-time chamber pot . This action included the refusal to "slop out" or empty their chamber-pots after toilet facilities each morning, resulting in prison warders allegedly emptying the pots into the cells, leading to severe discomfort and risk to health . This alleged action by the warders confirmed their protest and applicants now refuse in all circumstances to go to the toilet outside their cells unless they are provided with clothing . It is therefore necessary for them to use the chamber pots in their cells during the day and night, which pots they allege are not emptied by the authorities . They further allege that in April 1978 the prison warders used a hosepipe in their cells, including occasions when the prisoners were asleep . These actions let to shock and upset and left cells, mattresses and prisoners soaked . Allegations concerning prison conditions and treatmen t The applicants complain that as a result of their protest they are subject to the following treatment and prison conditions . - 49 _ 1 Discipline Following their refusal to wear prison uniform and engage in prison work, the applicants have from the outset regularly been charged with breaches of Rule 30 ( 1) of the Prison Rules (Northern Ireland) 1954, which provides that : "A prisoner who is guilty of any act or omission contrary to the security or good order of the prison shall be guilty of an offence against .discipline and on his offence being reported to the Governor shall be dealt with as here and after provided in these Rules . " Following adjudication by the Governor, the applicants claim that they have from outset of their sentences been awarded punishments as follows 14 days loss of remissio n 14 days loss of earning s 3 days cellular confinemen t 14 days denial of leisure clothin g 14 days loss of privileges including visits, letters and visits to the "tuckshop" At the end of each period of 14 days, the same group of penalties is imposed without variation for a further period of 14 days . As a result the applicants claim that they are undergoing a permanent period of punishment . Since 19 October 1978 the adjudications have been at 28-day intervals and the awards of loss of remission and loss of privileges have also been of 28 days and cellular confinement has ceased . The Government state that the applicants have consistently refused to participate in adjudications and none of them has taken any opportunity of defending himself against the charges . The applicants Nugent and McFeeley regularly hammer with their plastic mugs and toilet pots to disrupt adjudications . 2. Accommodatio n The applicants claim they are confined to their cells on a permanent basis . The only period they are out of their cells is for 30 minutes for religious service on Sunday, a visit, or when placed in the punishment cell in solitary confinement . Prior to February 1978 they were outside of the cell when at the toilet or for a weekly shower . Each of the applicants shares a cell with another prisoner. The cell measures 12 x 8 x 10 feet and was designed for one prisoner only. The cells, they claim, have no furniture except two mattresses and blankets. The furnitures was removed from the cells as a collective punishment because several prisoners (not including any of the applicants) are alleged to hav e - 50 - damaged their furniture. During the period of three days' cellular confinement in every fourteen days punishment, the mattresses are also removed from the cell, leaving them entirely empty but for the two occupants . The applicants further claim that ihe cell windows do not "present in iheir size, location and construction as normal an appearance as possiblé", as required by Rule 10 of the Standard Minimum Rules . The applicants all complain that these windows have a disorientating effect . Several of the applicants also complain that the electric lighting in their cells is on occasions continuously on, and often for periods in excess of 24 hours . All of the applicants complain that their mattresses are damp from contact with the cell floor . In addition, since the incidents involving the use ol a hosepipe, the blankets, mattresses and cells have been soaked . Accordingly the sanitary conditions are extreme . They state that there is considerable risk to health from these conditions with excrement and urine remaining in the cell along with discarded food . The authorities have used a severe and diluted disinfectant in their cells, which has caused severe reactions on them including difficulty in breathing, irritating chest and throat, causing eyes to water, and in some cases, nose-bleeding and vomiting . The applicants also complain that the fact that they must use a chamber-pot in the presence of their cell companion is degrading and an assault on their dignity The Government state that while subject to loss of privileges for breach ol prison rules prisoners are not permitted to associate freely with other prisoners They are permitted to leave their cells for visits to the welfare officer or the medical officer, to receive visits from lawyers, to attend religious services, to appear before the Governor, to receive a monthly visit, to take one hour's exercise in the open air every day, to visit the toilet facilities, to lake a shower twice weekly, to visit the library and to collect meals Irom the dining-room . For most of these purposes prisoners may wear prison clothing or prison underwear or nothing . They must at least wear underpants to see the welfare officer or receive a visit from a lawyer . However ihe protesting prisoners have refused to leave their cells except to take visits or to attend religious services and have refused to take advantage of most of the opportunities available to them for association . Since March 1978 they have refused to leave their cells even to use common facilities such as the dining room, toilets or washroom, or in order to take exercis e The Government deny that lurniture was removed from the cells as a collective punishment . In April 1978 furniture had to be removed from H-Block 5 Iwhere the applicants were accommodatedl because of its misuse by prisoners . Prisoners had been using the furniture to beat on cell door s - 51 - during adjudications on disciplinary charges . In one particular incident inmates shouted to the rest of the wing that furniture was being removed . Wilhin minutes the rest of the furniture had been destroyed ; tables, bedsides lockers, bookshelves and in some cases chairs were broken in pieces and thrown through windows . Eventually the beds which had been dismantled by the prisoners had to be removed because they presented a risk to prison officers . The restoration of cell furniture is stated not to be dependent upon wearing prison clothing or agreeing to do prison work All protesting prisoners have been asked on two separate occasions if they will undertake not to damage their cell furniture so that it can be replaced . All have refused to give such an undertaking . During the period when cellular confinement was awarded mattresse s were removed from cells during the day-time only, they were never removed from cells during the night . Central heating is designed to keep the temperature in the cells and common areas at at least 65°F . However, prisoners have broken all windows in H-Blocks 3, 4 and 5 . Initially the prisoners broke the glass in the windows which was replaced by plywood and perspex . However, on 12 November 1978 prisoners in H-Block 5 succeeded in burning the perspex sheets and then kicking them out. Further weather protection consisting of corrugated plastic sheets has been installed on the exterior of some wings . Each prisoner has been told that if he will undertake not to break his window it will be replaced. The applicants have refused to give ihis undertaking . The Government state that all windows have clear glass with ventilator fan-lights and that the prisoner can open . They permit adequate light to enter the cell and through them the sky and other buildings are visible . Wire fencing 6 yards away from outward facing cells is for security purposes . They are not intended to have a disorientating effect . The Government state that the lighting is never left on continuously . The principal lighting can be switched off from inside the cell . A dim light is operable from outside for security checks but never left on continuously . It is pointed out that the damp mattresses are entirely the fault of the protesting prisoners . Nevertheless any mattress which has become damp is immediately changed and mattresses are not put into cells which have been cleaned, until the cell is dry . No prisoner has ever been hosed down while in his cell . The disinfectant used to clean cells is used in accordance with the instructions issued for its use . A complaint by the applicant Nugent of the use of disinfectant was investigated by a member of the Board of Visitors and found to be untrue . Cells that have been cleaned are aired and dried out before they are re-occupied . - 52 - The applicants state that a small number of prisoners did damage lurniture, but they deny that the furniture was destroyed . They allege that Ihe furniture was removed from all cells on all wings as a collective punishment . The applicant McFeeley who was in "A" Wing in April 1979 states that there was no damage to furniture or beds in this wing and yet the lurniture was removed from all the cells They state that as of April 1979 the applicants will have been denied beds and furniture for twelve months. They point out that in a press release of the Northern Ireland Office dated 1 August 1978 the Government have stated that relurn of the furniture and bed is conditional on conforming to the prison rules, i.e . on the wearing of the uniform and agreeing to prison work . In this respect the applicant Campbell states that he was told by the Board of Visirors on 14 June 1978 that if he conformed to prison rules and wore prison uniform furniture would be restored to his cell . The applicant McFeeley claims that the prison Governor said the same to him . The applicants allege that the denial of furniture is being used as a means ol imposing pressure on nonconforming prisoners . It is pointed out that since April 1978 all newly-sentenced prisoners who have refused to wear prison uniform have been housed in cells without furniture from the date of their reception into prison. In their cases it is impossible to claim that the furniture is denied them because ihey have broken it, since they were not sentenced in April 1978 when this is alleged to have occurred . Finally, the applicants state that they were asked on only one occasion wheiher they would be prepared to give an undertaking not to damage their furniture They did not refuse to give an undertaking, as claimed by the Government, but asked for an opportunity to consider the matter overnight . However, they were never approached again for their views and the furniture was not resiored The applicants maintain their allegations concerning the hosing of their cells . They refer to the account given by Mr Maguire, M .P, of his visit on 19 May 1978 where he refers to the cells being damp, having been hosed when the occupants were at mass . The applicant Hunter complaints that on the morning of 29 April 1978 his cell was hosed down for about 5 minutes while he occupied it . He got the impression that those responsible had been drinking As a consequence the cell mattress and bedding was soaked . The applicants refer to the finding by a member of the Board of Visitors, that a complaint concerning disinfectant was "untrue" . If by untrue it is intended that none was used, this is clearly a contradiction of the admission that it was used . As to whether the disinfectant used had or had not affected Nugent as claimed, the answer that it was untrue seems extraordinary . The member of the Prison Visiting Board was not preseni when it was experienced, nor did he or she seek to have Nugent medicall y - 53- examined . The applicanls asked thai the Comniission have the record of the findl :ig produced and also the disinfectant used . Each of the four applicants contplain in their statements about the effects on them of the use of dis,nfectant on different occasions . The disinfectant was sprayed into cells through the spyhole and would encompass the entire cell . The applicant Campbell states thai he had to make for the window to get fresh air and that liis eyes and ears were streaming . In applicant Nugent's case it caused dilficulty in breathing. Applicant McFeeley states that it caused sickness and vnmiiing . Personal h ygiene Since the prisoners do not use the wash facilities they state that they are dirty and unshaven and in permanent danger of contracting illnesses and disease In general they state that their cells are in a filthy condition . I nregard to conditions of hygiene the applicants point out ihat throughout their period of derention, they have not received an adequate supply of toothpaste and they allege that as a punishment, they do not receive adequate towelling . Other prisoners, they complain, receive a bath towel and a hand lowel The applicants complain that they receive only one towel . They also coinptain that they receive an inadequate daily supply of toilet-paper . They . further allege that from September 1976 to May 1977 they were denied the righl to tise the toilet facilities in the wing upon request during daytime . Throughour that reriod the applicants Nugent and McFeeley had to use the cell pot both night and day . The applicant McFeeley states that on a date in May 1977 Dr D. of the Prison Visiting Board discovered that ihe applicants and olher prisoners were not permitted to use the toilet block on request during the day. He raised the matter with a prison officer and thereafter they were able to go to ihe toilet on request . Corroboration for this claim is supplied by Dr . D. himself . The Government, on the other hand, reply that dangers to health as may occur from the deliberate actions of the protesting prisoners to destroy hygiene conditions are their own'responsibility . The prison administration has done all in its power to preserve community health and the health of individual prisoners . Prisoners are moved from fouled cells every three weeks. The cells are then cleaned with industrial cleaning steam hoses with added disinfectant fluid . If necessary the cells are repainted . A fresh issue and collection of food utensils is made for every meal and utensils then sterilised External surfaces contaminaied by excreta thrown out of the windows are cleaned daily . Disinfectant powder is used after cleaning . Each applicant is seen weekly as a matter of routine by a doctor . The Northern Ireland Prison Department receives reports of sick parade attendances and frequent reports from doctors on the sanitary state of each block . Normal medical services continue to be available to prisoners . -5q - The right to use toilet facilities has never been withdrawn at any time during the protest campaign . The facility is available on request except during the nighl . The Board of Visitors examined Dr. D .'s allegations in this regard and found them to be untrue . Clothing and bedding The applicants slate that they are naked and have no clolhing or footwear . The only item of apparel is the use of a blanket for one and towel . They allege that the blanket and towels are changed at infrequent intervals and always long after they are dirty and need washirig . They allege that the use of a blanket or towel is sometines denied them altogether . For example while on isolation punishment the applicant Campbell claims he was not permitted to gird himself with his towel while going to the toilet . Further, while being presented to the Governor for adjudication he says he was forced to attend naked without the towel or blanket . The applicants also claim that as from November 1976 they were not allowed to remove their blankets from the cell They state that this decision proved the most iniportant event in accounting for the deterioration of conditions at the Maze between prisoners and the staff . The Government reply that protesting prisoners urinated and defecated into items of prison clothing which were left in their cells . Prison clothing is no longer kept in each cell but a clean set is kept for each prisoner in his wing and is available at all times that the prisoner wishes to wear it . All prisoners are issued with a towel Ichanged weeklyl, sheets, pillow-slips and three blankets fchanged monthly) . Sheets and pillow-slips have been destroyed and abused by all protesters, including the applicants, and are therefore no longer used . The Government accept that in November 1976 instructions were given that blankets should not be removed from the cells . By this date it was clear Ihat protesting prisoners were using blankets as a form of substitute clothing . It was considered that in the circumstances of the protest it would have jeopardised good order in the prison to have allowed prisoners to wear blankets in place of prison unifor m The Government also accept that when prisoners are sent to the punishment block they are not permitted to wear towels either when going lo Ihe toilet or for adjudication by the Governor . This rule, however, is not enforced within the prisoners' own wing . Prison clothing or prison underwear remained available at all times . 5 Food The applicants complain that the food is cold and they allege that it is deliberalely so in order to punish them for refusing to wear a uniform . - 55- Because their cells lack any furniture, they state that they are forced to eat their food irom the floor . In addition they complain of lack of salt, pepper, sauces and savouries with their food . They also complain that they are given insufficient milk and that the water supply in their cell is inadequate . The applicant McFeeley alleges that the container holding the water supply provided in the cell has been returned with excrement smeared around it, and that it does not have a lid to keep the water clean . The applicants also complain of the "slopping out" arrangements coinciding with the delivery of their food. Thus the applicant Nugent states as follow s "Aller I am up the prison officers come round the door along with the orderlies Iloyalist prisoners) to slop us out . They bring a large open bucket which is set in the cell (not outside) . They won't allow it . I then have to pour the contents of my pot in the bucket and with it in your cell, any splashes go over the cell and bed clothes . This bucket is emptied after five or six cells, so the smell in the cell is unpleasant when emptying pots . There is no disinfectant when this is happening, nothing to rinse out the pot in so the smell is rather bad . Also the breakfast comes round before the slop out finishes . The prison officers will not stop the slop out which means our food is on the wing along with the bucket of waste being carried back and forth along the wing. The orderlies are well protected for doing this-they wear a long apron from neck to ankles, surgical gloves and industrial facemasks . " They add that since there is no furniture in their cells they are forced t o eat off the floor at meal times . Moreover they claim that the plate is so small that the bread accompanying the meal has to be placed on the cell floor . The Government state, on the other hand, that food is delivered to the blocks in sealed containers . It is then made up into meals for prisoners and delivered to cells . This is necessary because protesting prisoners refused to go to the dining room . Water is supplied to all protesting prisoners in half-gallon amounts an d changed twice daily . There is no truth in the allegation that food is served cold deliberately or that the applicant McFeeley's water container was deliberately contaminated Lids were used for improper purposes and have been removed . The Government concede that food has to be eaten from the floor since, due to the behaviour of the prisoners, cell furniture has had to be - 56 - removed However, food is distributed on plates of sufficient size to enable all of it lincluding bread) to be eaten from the plate . Finally, it is pointed out that slopping out and the distribution of food are always carried out as totally separate operations . 6. Medical services The applicants state that they have to wear uniform for some medical purposes, but for others a prisoner has the option of going naked . Thus when the applicants might wish to see a specialist from outside the prison or a doctor at a location outside the block, they were required to wear full prison dress to avail of the visit. Similarly if they wish to attend at the hospital outside the block, they were required to wear full uniform . The applicant Campbell, who had complaints about his stomach and legs, wore the full dress on five occasions of medical treatment . For purposes of sick parade in the morning the applicants had the choice of wearing the uniform or going naked . They state that the procedure at sick parade involved the prisoner requesting to see the doctor early in the morning and when the doctor attended at the medical inspection room, going to the room and waiting his turn for a consultation . They were not permitted to stay in the cell and be medically attended . All applicants claim that on several occasions they were refused examinations in their cells . The applicants state that in accordance with Rule 35 (1) of the Prison Rules they had to be certified as fit by the medical officer to undergo cellular confinement . Furthermore under Rule 68 (3) a medical officer must see prisoners under punishment every day . However they claim that on such occasions the medical examination of them was entirely summary, consisting of a doctor and, on occasions a prison officer, asking it they had "any medical complaints" . The doctor did not examine the prisoner or ask that he submit to an examination . Furthermore the applicants Nugent and McFeeley state that they were not seen by a medical officer daily as required by Rule 68 131 when on cellular confinement punishment until July 1977 . However it is pointed out that since August 1978, Dr . E. has come regularly to the cells before the applicants were placed on cellular confinement and asked them individually to come for medical examination The applicants state that they did not comply because by this point they had lost confidence in the medical services at the prison . It is added that the standard of medical supervision can be gauged by the fact of the denial of toilet facilities during the daytime until it was discovered by accident by Dr . D . in May 1977 . Apart from the above, and their own limited requests for medical attention, the applicants state that they have never been properly medically examined at the initiative of the prison authorities . - 57 - The applicant Campbell complains in his statement that his ey esighl lias been deteriorating and that although he has requested proper sper.tacles on several occasions, Ihese have not been provided . The applicant McFeeley complains thai in March 1978, after having been in hospital and having lost two stone in weight, he was nevertheless certified fit by a doctor for a furlher period of solitary confinement punishment . He also complains thal a medical officer who examined the swelling in his legs aftei a further period in the punishmenl cell told him the swelling was normal . The applicanl McFeeley alleges Ihat he was refused in May 1978 a medical examination by the prison doctor, who refused to examine him in his cell and wnuld only examine him if he put on prison uniform . At this point he claims he had experienced fifteen months continuous confinement and due to the use ol a disinfectant in the cell he states that he suffered from pain and irriiation in the eyes, vomiting fits and coughing . All of the applicants complain that in order to see a doctor it is necessary for them to be awake and standing at their cell door at 7 .30 am in the morning in order to make Iheir request . Should they wish for medical services at any other time of the day they would not be able to get them . The applicants say that they have writlen for permission to be examined hy a psychiatrist of their choice, but have been refused . They also claim that at no point during their confinement has any of them been examined by a psychiatrist from the Prison Departmant The applicants note that the right to examination by a doctor of their choice is a right available to patients conimitted to a mental hospital . The Government stale in reply that the health of every prisoner is the responsibility of the Senior Medical Officer . Properly qualified doctors are always available at the Maze Where necessary, prisoners have access to outside medical specialists A prisoner can receive medical attention within his block in prison clothing, or in prison underwear or naked . However, it is agreed that to receive attention from outside medical specialists a prisoner is required to wear prison clothing, since he may be taken to places where he might be observed by members of Ihe public . A prisoner is usually asked before 8 o'clock in the morning if he has any requests. This enables him to ask to see the Assistant Governor, doctor, welfare olficer or chaplain . A protesting prisoner can get medical attention at other times by asking to see the hospital officer in the block, who will call for a doctor if he thinks this is necessar y The applicant, McFeeley . on being taken to the punishment block on 13 March 1978, stated that he was on a hunger and thirst strike . When visited by a doctor, he was abusive. On 21 April he requested a medica l - 58 - examination . The doctor declined to examine him in his cell for reasons of hygiene and advised him to come to the Medical Inspection Room . He was not required to wear prison clothing for this purpose but he refused . On 26 May he did attend at the Medical Inspection Room . The applicant Campbell has also made a number of requests to see an optician ; after the first, he did so, and was provided with spectacles, in a frame of his own choice, costing C16.00 ; il is regretted that owing to administrative error, not all his later requests on this subject were promptly replied to ; in due course he was given permission to see the optician again ; when the optician arrived he declined to wait whilé the applicant finished taking a shower ; on a later occasion, the optician declined to see the applicant as the latter refused to wash . On 7 December 1978 the applicant was asked if he wished to see the optician on his next visit and he replied that he did not wish to do so . 7 Toilet facilities The applicants refer to the procedures in connection with toilet lunctions, in particular to "slopping out" and surveillance at the toilet units . "Slopping oui" involves emptying their chamber-pots in the morning at the toilet used in the prison wing . This procedure was required of the applicants as with all other prisoners for varying periods of their sentences . However in iheir cases. it applied during daytime as well as at night . The applicants complain that to use a pot in a cell was and is degrading as it was necessary to do so in the sight of the other cell occupant . They maintain claim that from September 1976 to May 1977 they were not permitted to use the toilet lacilities during the day but have to use the cell chamber-pot . They further allege that prison officers would watch them as they actually used the toilet and pressurise them to hurry up . In addition they stale that they were regularly subjected to searches both going to and coming from the toilet Finally they point out that in a situation where privacy in toilet functions was so crudely breached over long periods resort to such behaviour as occurred after March 1978 appeared to them less exceptional that it would to others who had not experienced their conditions . The Government comment that all prisoners have the right to use the toilet facilities during the day time . It has never been the case that prisoners have been obliged to use their chamber-pots during the day time as well as at night It is normal to have a prison officer on duty since i• is a place where disorder can readily occur . It is also the experience of the prison adminisirauon that prisoners can be fractious early in the morning . When prisoners still used the toilet facilities, they did so two at a time, accompanied by one officer . The limited number of prison officers, whic h 59 prevents there being more than three officers to a wing, renders excessive . supervision in toilet and washing areas impossible . It is not a part of normal procedure for a prisoner to be searched while going to or from toilet facilities Moreover, deliberate humiliation of prisoners is forbidden by the prison officers' code of discipline . 8 . Searching procedure The applicants state that there have been two types of search procedure Firstly light searching or "frisking" done without the removal of clothes ; secondly, close body searching or strip searching . The most regular experience of searching is when they are moved from one wing to another, which occurs about every nine days, and at visits . The process of searching by the prison officers is referred to by the applicants as the "mirror search" . The officers, it is claimed, then put pressure with their boots on the backs of the legs until he bends over, falling to his knees . The mirror is then lifted up as near as possible to the anus . Occasionally, a torch is also used to exxamine the back passage in this position . The applicants' representatives state that on visiting the applicants on 10 February 1979 they personally saw the bruising on the legs of the applicants Campbell and Hunter which, they had been informed, had been caused by prison officers' boots during the search procedure prior to their legal visit . The Government comment that prisoners are strip searched on transfer io à different wing and before and after visits. Because of the need to clean cells when they have been fouled by protesting prisoners, they are moved to a new wing at intervals of every seven to ten days . Experience has shown that articles may also be concealed in the mouth or in the rectum Accordingly, what is known as a close-body search is carried out on these prisoners on these occasions . The prisoner, who will be naked, is required to open his mouth, which is subjected to a visual examination . He is also required to bend his legs over a small mirror andhold his buttocks apart to allow a prison officer to observe whether any object is concealed ; in poor light a lorch may be used for illumination, and a metal detector is used to check for metal objects . No examination involving physical contact is made of either mouth or rectu m If a prisoner is suspected of concealing an article in his rectum, he is removed to the cell block ; if a metal or dangerous object is suspected, a doctor la prison medical officer) is called, but will not conduct a physical examination if the prisoner refuses this ; if the prisoner does so refuse, or the attempted concealment of the object is not thought to involve any hazard to his health, he is left in a cell with a chamber pot until the object is excreted . If a prisoner does not co-operate with a search before a visit, the visit is terminated, except in the case of a visit from a legal adviser On the ver y 60 -- rare occasions that a prisoner has refused to be searched before such a visit, the Governor is informed, the visit occurs under close visual supervision, and a search is made after the visit . Close body searches are usually carried out by three prison officers and one senior officer ; this number is required as prisoners regularly make at least token resistance, but only if there is strong resistance will further officers be summoned . No other prisoners are present . The above procedure regarding close body searches are those currently in operation . The essential features were introduced after the discovery of many smuggled items culminating in an incident on 30 August 1978 when a prisoner was found to have a metal cigarette lighter so firmly lodged in his rectum that the Medical Officer had to use forceps to remove it . Procedure was not in the initial stages uniform in all respects The use of a mirror was introduced in January 1979, since otherwise a prison officer was at risk of being kicked in the face and the prisoner might injure himself by excessive resistance . Close body searches are judged to be necessary in view of the prisoners' ability to conceal objects which constitute a danger to prison security. For example on 12 November 1978 flints were used to ignite pieces of toilet paper and burn perspex shields . Concealed letters might be used to engineer escape attempts or to name prison officers as potential targets for murder or to aid the smuggling of objects inand out of prison . Searches on wing transfers are judged necessary because they reveal items missed on other searches . A further illustration of the dangers is provided by an incident on 16 July 1978 in "A" Wing of HM Prison Belfast, when an explosion occurred which is thought to have been produced by concentrating match heads in a tobacco tin and using a sock as a fuse . Items found to have been concealed in the rectum of protesting prisoners have included the followin g cigarette lighters, flints, razor blades, tobacco, cigarettes, cigars, cuttings, tablets, matches, chewing gum, cigarette papers, ball-point pen refills, metal comb, button with flints inserted in the holes . This list includes items found both during wing transfer searches and during searches in connnection with visits . On a single occasion on 8 November 1978 there were found in the rectum of one prisoner the following items : 15 tablets, tobacco, cigarette papers, 2 pen refills, 1 razor blade . In addition to items found in searches, there remains the possibility that other items have been or might be . For example, the concealement of tobacco in pieces up to 3 inches by 1 inch in the rectum suggests that geliginite in stick form might be similarly smuggle d - 61 - It is submitted that the above circumstances rehder it incontestable that searching is both necessary and reasonable . The applicants reply that strip searching began only in February 1978 . Thus prior to this date several hundred of these prisoners had been in custody for more than 12 months without security having been jeopardised . Furthermore, the Government fail to make clear that strip searching only applies to protesting prisoners. The applicants categorically deny that other conforming prisonqrs are subject to the same procedures . Since February 1978 they are close body-searched while naked and continue to be subject to this humiliaUng procedure while ordinary prisoners continue to be frisked . They point out that in addition to being searched before visits and on transfer to . another wing, their cells are searched every week . The prisoner is told to remove the blanket or towel, which he may be using to cover his middle, and shake it . The applicants do not deny the need for searches However, they object to the humiliating character of strip searching and the regular breach of the requirement that prisoners should not be searched in the sight of another prisoner . They point out that mechanical or electronic procedures are available for detecting metal objects or other materials dangerous to security ! With reference to the list of objects found as a result of searches by the prison authorities they point out that most of such items are available as of right or as privileges to conforming prisoners . le .g . cigarette lighters, cigareves, flints, buttons, cuttings, tablets, pen refills) . It is the severe prison regime the applicants are subjected to which makes these items contraband . Finally, they claim searching is concerned more to enforce the denial of privileges than to protect prison security . 9. Exercise The applicants state that they are denied all exercise . Each of the applicants has served his sentence without a single period of exercise or recreation apart from applicant Nugent, who was permitted to exercise in his blankei before January 1977 Thus the applicant McFeeley has been 17 months arid Nugent 23 months in permanent confinement All complain of pain and discomfort . Applicants McFeeley arid Campbell claimin particular to have suffered from swelling of the legs and pain in the legs . The applicants contend that the denial of exercise constitutes a form of sensory deprivation . It is alleged that exercise was at firct conditional on going naked or in a uniform . However, in the course of interviews with the Governor in May and June 1978 three of them (Hunter, Campbell and Nugent) were told that exercising naked would not be permitted because of bad weather conditions . They submit meteorological records for the period of 10 May-end of June confirming that weather conditions were exceptionally good . - 62 - It is noted that after the refusal to allow a blanket from the cell in November 1976, the applicant Nugent did not take exercise, not being prepared to do so naked or in a uniform . The applicant McFeeley also refused on the same basis . In July 1977 a request by applicant McFeeley to ihe Governor Ihat the prisoners might have exercise is sports wear was refused He was informed that prisoners could have access to sports wear only it they conformed to prison rules . The Government comment that the applicants have not been prevented from taking exercise, but have not availed themselves of this opportunity . They may exercise in prison clothing or in prison underwear or naked . The Governor issued orders to this effect in February 1977 and November 1977 . In the interests of good order in the prison they may not, however, exercise wearing blankets . If the weather conditions are inclement, the Governor will decide whether exercise should be taken naked . Moreover, they are entitled to one hour's exercise a day in the open air . Playing pitches and a gymnasium are available to prisoners conforming to prison rules . 10 . Restricted Diet The applicants Hunter and Nugent complain of the award of a restricted diet while in periods of isolation punishment This diet, known as No . 1 diet, is set out in the schedule to the Prison Rules INorthern Irelandl 1954. They state that it consisted of breakfast : black tea, two slices of dry bread ; dinner : a cup of soup ; tea : black tea and two slices ot bread. The applicants refer to the psychiatrist's report and in particular to his opinion that the restricted diet "is very likely to have deleterious effect on the health of these prisoners who are very vulnerable to breakdown" . It is pointed out by the Government that since October 1978 the No . 1 diet is no longer employed as a disciplinary award . 11 . Collective punishmen t The applicants complain that all furniture has been removed from their cells because it is alleged that other prisoners (not including any of the applicantsl damaged the furniture . They submit that the nature of this action by some prisoners was such that those responsible could be immediately discovered and dealt with individually under the Prison Rules . Similarly, religious literature which at that time was the only literature available to the applicants, was withdrawn because it was alleged that certain prisoners had misused the literature . Further they state that as a collective punishment, they have been denied the right to receive toothpaste from outside the prison . - 63 - 12 . lsolarion and solitary confinement The applicant McFeeley complains separately of his subjection to period s of isolation without adjudication and without being informed of the duration or reasons for being isolated . In his statement he states that between 10 March 1977 and 19 April 1977, and again during January 1978, and in March 1978, he was subjected to solitary confinement without explanation or without specific breach of rules being alleged or adjudicated upon . He claims that on these occasions he was in solitary confinement and refused all contact with other prisoners, denied all reading material, exercise and all his other rights . He states that on none of these occasions was he informed of the duration of the period of solitary confinement . The applicant McFeeley claims that when he was in the punishmen t block he was not allowed to attend mass . He states that this is a binding obligation on a Roman Catholic . He states that in March 1978 he requested the opportunity to go to mass, on the following Sunday, from Prison Officer A ..The oflicer inquired of Ihe Governor and subsequently returned to inform him that it would not be permitted . It is added that attendance at mass in McFeeley's case would not necessarily have involved association with other prisoners. Since it is normal pratice to hold mass in the canteen where different wings of the prison are segregated, it would not be difficult to segregate McFeeley from the other prisoners . The other applicants corroborate McFeeley's experience The applicants add that when their confessions are being heard every month in the cell, the door must be left ajar. They complain that the prison officer stands within earshut and the cell mate is requiréd to stand at the door of the cell . The Govemment state that on 10 March 1977 the Governor ordered that the applicant McFeeley be removed from association under Rule 24 because he had been trying to set himself up as a leader of the prisoners and had been giving them orders . His removal from association was approved by the Chairman of the Board of Visitors under Rule 24 as he was considered lo be a menace to good order and discipline . The only suitable accommodation for a prisoner subject to Rule 24 was the punishment cell . This is because the punishment cells provide the only accommodation in the Maze where a prisoner may be held away from other prisoners . However, removal from association is not a punishment, and results in no loss of privileges whatever. Had the applicant been entitled to privileges on 10 March 1977 he would have continued to enjoy them when removed from association . On 18 April 1977 the applicant was transferred to H-Block 5 after having agreed to behave as other priponers . The applicant McFeeley was again removed to the punishment cell s under Rule 24 on 9 January 1978 for being a disruptive influence and giving orders to other prisoners . The applicant McFeeley declared himself to be o n -84- hunger and thirst strike . On 11 January he was transferred to H-Block 3 after having ended his strike and giving an undertaking not to set himself up as a spokesman . He was again moved to the punishment block on 13 March 1978 for the same reasons. He went on hunger strike between 13 March and 21 March 1978 . On 19 March 1978 he was examined by the medical officer who found no cause for concern . On 30 March 1978 he was transferred to H-Block 5 after assuring a Deputy Governor that he would not give orders to other prisoners. For these reasons the Government consider the allegation that his removal from association was an attempt to break his will is totally wrthout foundation . The Government comment that a prisoner removed from association is not normally permitted to attend mass, as this would involve association with other prisoners . However, if he asks to see a priest, the prison chaplain will be informed at once and attend to the prisoner's pastoral or spiritual needs . During applicant McFeeley's periods of removal from association, the prison auihorities recorded several visits by the prison chaplain It is not recorded that on any of these occasions he asked to attend mass . Nor is it recorded that such a request was made by him either to the Governor who visited him daily during removal from association or to prison officers at the daily time for making requests . The applicants Campbell and Hunter also complain about punishment in isolation cells and resultant solitary confinement . In Campbell's case it is claimed thai this punishment was awarded because he had been found with twenty cigarettes . The applicants point out that persons not on punishment are allowed cigarettes . The applicant Hunter submits that the imposition of three days' solitary confinement on the punishment block and the subjection to a restricted diet INo . 1 diet) was a wholly disproportionate sanction for his particular offence against discipline namely, possession of eight cigarettes . 13 The treatment of female prisoners in Armagh Prison The applicants state that convicted women in the female wing of Armagh Prison are refusing on like grounds to the applicants to wear prison uniform or engage in prison work. However, they are not subjected to similar harsh treatment . The Government comment that women prisoners in HM Prison Armagh have been allowed to wear their own clothing since March 1972 . Although a privilege, this has been introduced on a permanent basis, and is not lost as a disciplinary award . The Government may still forbid them to wear items of clothing prejudicial to security, e .g. clothes similar to prison officers' uniform or constituting the uniform of a paramilitary organisation . - 65 - Protesting women prisoners at HMP Armagh are subject to fortnightly disciplinary adjudications for refusing to work, and the following awards are made : 14 days loss of remission ; loss of privilege visits, loss of privilege parcels ; loss of privilege film shows ; loss of evening association on Saturday and Sunday evenings li .e., lock-up from 16.30 hours) . During work hours, they are locked in cells ; they forfeit the right to educational materials (although not the use of library facilities) and, having no earnings, cannot buy materials to take part in handicrafts . The applicants reply that the above noted difference in treatment operates to the disadvantage of male prisoners in the following detailed . respect s a Female prisoners are permitted to wear their own clothes and are not required to wear a prison unitorm . The male prisoners are required to wear a uniform and may only wear their own clothes as a privilege on limited occasions . The privilege of wearing their own clothes may not be torfeited by the female prisoners . It is forfeited by the males for the limited occasion s they might avail of the privilege . b. Female prisoners are not awarded "cellular confinement" on the reqular cycle of three days of each fortnight as occured with the males until 6 October 1978, or at all . c. Female prisoners are not subjected to periods on punishment block or to restricted diet . d . Female prisoners, while denied evening association at weekends ar e permitted normal association opportunities from Monday through Friday including meal times and in the evenings . During association, they may visit each other in their cells or "association rooms" set aside for the purpose . In these association rooms they may watch television . They may make tea in their cells for themselves and other prisoners . Male prisoners are permitted no association whether on weekdays or weekends since the onset of their sentences . e. Female prisoners while under lockup during working hours are never- Iheless permitted out of the cells at fixed intervals in order to use the toilet facilities. Male prisoners until May 1977 were not permitted to use the toilet lacilities during the day time . . /. Female prisoners have at least two separate opportunities each day for supervised exercise when they are permitted to wear their own clothes . Male prisoners have no such opportunities under such a condition . - 66 - g. Female prisoners may retain and spend up to f4 .00 personal money per week at ihe canteen . Male prisoners are not permitted to retain or spend any personal money . h. There are no restrictions imposed on the correspondence of female priscners either on the number of letters sent or received Males however are permitted to send and receive one letter per month only . i. Female prisoners may have access to magazines or any literature available in prison . Access to magazines or any literature was withdrawn from males from ihe onset of sentence under Rule 201 of the Prison Rules . j Female prisoners have access to a daily newspaper, subject to the prison censor . Access to newspapers on a daily basis or at all has been withdrawn from male prisoners under Rule 201 of the Prison Rules . k . Female prisoners have access to the library wearing their own clothes . They may borrow books and visit the library once per week to change books . Male prisoners are required to wear prison uniform to have access to the library They have been refused access to the library in their towels. Having refused to wear the prison uniform they are therefore without access to library books . /. Female prisoners may retain radios in their cells if they have a personal radio They may decorate their cells with personal mementos, photographs of family, etc These privileges are denied to the male prisoners . The applicants fail to see any sigriificant differences hetween the Maze and Armagh prisons which could justify such a startling difference in treatnient . COMPLAINT S Generat complaints made by all four applicant s The applicants have submitted that they are, jointly and severally, victims of violations of Articles 3. 6, B . 9, 10, 11, 13 and 14 of the Convention Article 3 The applicants submii that the regime under which they are detained . as described above, constitutes an inhuman and degrading system of treaiment They submit that the official response to their actions has been excessive and wholly disproportionate to their refusal to wedr prison uniform . Moreover, they complain that, taken separately, the system of continuous sanctions under the prison rules, the imposition of isolation punishment or solitary confinement and the imposition of collective - 67 - punishments constitute inhuman and degrading punishment. Finally, they complain that they are victims of a general administrative practice in breach of Article 3 Article 6 The applicants rely on the decision of the European Court of Human Rights in Engel and others . They submit that Article 6 applies to the process of adjudication and application of punishment by the Governor under the prison rules which constitutes in effect the determination of a criminal charge . Article 8 The applicants complain in this regard of the "slopping-out" procedure, washing and using toilet facilities in the view of prison officers, use of chamber-pots in their cells within sight of their cell mates. They have also complained of the restrictions imposed on visits 0 per monthl and the requirement that they wear prison uniform on such a visit . The applicants finally complain of the restrictions on their correspondence as regards both incoming and outgoing mail and limitations on writing facilities . Article 9 The applicants allege that the requirement to wear a prison uniform and to work, despite their deeply held beliefs, violates their freedom of belief and conscience . Article 10 The applicants also complain of the restriction on their freedom of correspondence under this head . In addition, they submit that the total denial of access to radio, television, or films or literature of any sort constitutes a violation of their freedom of expression . Article 11 The applicants submit that the denial of association with other prisoners violates this provision . Article 13 They additionally claim that they have lacked and continue to lack an effective remedy before a national tribunal contrary to this provision . Article 14 The applicants claim that they are victims of discrimination as regards their treatment , i . on grounds of their political beliefs ii . on grounds of sex, in that their treatment is more severe when compared to that of female protesting prisoners at present serving sentences in Armagh Prison . 68- Separate complaints brought by individual applicant s Article 3 1 . The applicants Hunter and Nugent state that the imposition of a restricted (No. 1'bread and water'1 diet constitutes inhuman and degrading punishment . 2 . The applicants Campbell and Hunter claim that their punishment of solitary confinement (served in the punishment block) on 19 December 1977 in the case of Campbell and 19 April 1978 in the case of Hunter for possession of cigarettes was a wholly disproportionate sanction for the offence involved and consequently inhuman punishment . 3. The applicants McFeeley and Nugent allege that from September 1976 to May 1977 (in the case of Nugent) and February to May 1977 (in the case of McFeelayl they were denied the use of toilet facilities during the daytime . Article 8 The applicant Campbell complains separately of a violation of this provision in that communications between him and his solicitor were interfered with and that notes intended for his solicitor in connection with the present application were confiscated . The applicant Hunter complains that he has been refused family mementos and photographs forwarded to him for placing in his cell . He submits that such an interference was disproportionate and unjustifiable . Article 9 The applicant McFeeley complains that while he was subject to removal from association under Rule 24 in March 1978 he was refused permission to attend Sunday mass . He complains that this constitutes an interference with his right to practice his religion . Article 18 The applicant McFeeley complains separately of the periods of isolation to which he was subjected without adjudication . He states that these punishments were restrictions on his rights under Articles 8, 9, 10 and 11 for purposes other than prescribed by paragraph 2 of these provisions, namely, to break down his will and resistance and to force him to act against his conscience and beliefs . - 69 - THE LAW 1 The Commission proposes to examine the respondent Government's objections to the admissibility of the application in the following orde r a . that the application is an abuse of the right of petition ; b. that the applicants are not victims within the meaning of Article 25 of the Convention ; c. that the applicants have not exhausted their domestic remedies as required by Article 26 ; d. that the application should be dismissed on the basis of the 'six months rule' ; e . that the complaints under the different individual articles raised ar e either manifestly ill-founded or incompatible with the provisions of the Convention . As to abuse of the right of petition 2 . The respondent Government submit inter alia that the application is inspired by motives of publicity and propaganda whose purpose is to pressurise the Government to reintroduce special category status The Government refer in this respect to detailed press coverage that the application received both before registration and after the Commission's decision to comm,inicate it for observations . Moreover, it is asserted that the applicants are only seeking to escape the consequences of their sentences and are deliberately creating the conditions that form the basis of their complaint to the Commission . The applicants reply inter alia that such publicity that occurred was not sought after . 3. The Commission observes that whether or not an application is abusive under the Convention depends on the particular circumstances of the case . Furthermore, although under the Commission's Rules of Procedure' the case files are confidential it has to be accepted that certain controversial applications will give rise to publicity and perhaps propaganda for which the applicant cannot be held responsibl e 4 In the present case, the Commission notes that there was substantial press coverage . However it recalls its statement in the Lawless case that "the fact that the application was inspired by motives of publicity and political propaganda, even if established, would not by itself necessarily have the consequence that the application was an abuse of the right of petition" (Series B ; 1960-61 ; p. 50) . See Rule 17 121 . - 70 - In such a situation a finding of abuse might be made if it appeared that the application was clearly unsupported or outside the scope of the Convention . The Commission does not find this to be the case here. Moreover, the case file does not establish that the applicants or their representatives sought to capitalise on or exploit the present proceedings for political or propaganda purposes. Finally, the Commission considers that the claims made by the respondent Government that the applicants are deliberately creating the conditions about which they complain and are merely seeking to escape the consequences of their sentences fall more appropriately to be examined under the remaining grounds of admissibility contained in Article 27, paragraph 2 . As to whether the applicants are 'victims' within the meaning of Article 25, paragraph 1 5. The respondent Government submit that the applicants are complaining about the inevitable consequences of their own actions and are therefore not victims "of a violation by one of the High Contracting Parties. . ." lemphasis addedl within the meaning of Article 25, paragraph 1 . 6. However, the Commission observes that the applicants are complaining about periodic disciplinary punishments that they have been awarded because of their refusal to wear prison uniform and inter alia, their conditions of detention . It is clear from the observations of the parties that the applicants are directly affected by the disciplinary punishments and can therefore claim to be 'victims' within the meaning of Article 25, paragraph 1 of the Convention . As to exhaustion of domestic remedie s 7. The respondent Government submit that the applicants could have sought a remedy before the Northern Ireland Courts . With respect to their complaints concerning adjudications and disciplinary awards, reference is made to a decision of the Court of Appeal IR .v. Board of Visitors of Hull Prison, ex parte St Germain (1979) 2 W .L .R . 421' where it was held that the proceedings of a Board of Visitors resulting in disciplinary awards are subject to judicial review and may be set aside if not conducted in accordance with the principles of natural justice . It is further submitted that the applicants have not sought to raise certain complaints with the Board of Visitors or the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland It is not suggested that these procedures would provide a remedy in respect of complair.rs concerning the lawful imposition of sanctions provided for in the prison rules. However, it is Hereinaftei referretl io as the si . Germain Case . - 71 - submitted that they constitute6n effective remedy as regards allegations of improper or illegal behaviour . B. The applicants reply in the alternative that : (1) because they are complaining of an administrative practice in breach of the Convention, they are absolved from the requirement under Article 26 ; 121 that they have had full recourse to both the Board of Visitors and the Northern Ireland Olfice G .e. Secretary of Statel ; (3) that in any event no adequate and effective remedies exist in domestic law, as regards their complaints . They submit that the recent decision of the Court of Appeal in the St Germain Case (op. cit .) cannot apply to them, firstly because it only concerns review of disciplinary awards by the Board of Visitors, and secondly, because it was not a remedy available to them at the time they lodged their application . Finally, they state that an opinion of Queen's counsel at the Northern Ireland Bar which they have submitted was obtained and they were informed that their prison conditions would not ground a remedy under domestic law . 9. Under Article 26 of the Convention the Commission may only deal with a complaint "after all domestic remedies have been exhausted, according to the generally recognised rules of international law . . ." The Commission recalls its previous jurisprudence that in order to comply with the requirements of Article 26 an applicant is obliged to make "normal use" of remedies "likely to be effective and adequate" to remedy the matters of which he complains Isee e .g . Donel/y and others v. the United Kingdom, Decisions and Reports 4, p. 4 at p . 64) . The European Court of Human Rights has also held that "the rule of exhaustion of remedies demands the use of such remedies . . . as are sufficient, that is to say capable,of providing redress for their complaints IThe Vagrancy Cases, Series A, No . 12, p. 33 at para . 601. Moreover, the Court in the same case further held that the applicants were not obliged to make use of a remedy which, according to the "settled legal opinion" existing at the relevant time, was thought to be inadmissible libid ., para . 62) . In addition, the Commission notes that it has previously considered a petition to the Home Secretary or a complaint to the Board of Visitors to be a remedy capable of providing adequate redress in respect of complaints concerned with matters of prison administration such as, for example, complaints concerning general conditions of detention 10. The Commission notes that the facts which give rise to the applicants' complaints under the various articles invoked concern firstly the continuous imposition of disciplinary sanctions by the Governor or the Assistant or Deputy Governor ; secondly their general conditions of detention and their treatment by the prison authorities ; thirdly, separate complaints raised by each applicant concerning particular events or features of their prison regime. The Commission proposes to examine whether the requirement of exhaustion of domestic remedies has been fulfilled in respect of each of the above categories of complaint . _72_ i. Imposition of disciplinary sanctions by prison governo r 11 . The respondent Government have submitted that it would have been open to the applicants to seek judicial review of their adjudications by seeking an order of Cerriorari . However, the Commission observes that the case invoked oy the Government in support of the above proposition, the St Germain Case, only concerns judicial review of a Board of Visitor's disciplinary award on the basis that the principles of natural justice have not been observed . Moreover, it notes that two of the judges of the Court of Appeal (Megaw and Waller L .J.1 expressed reservations as to whether Certiorari lies in respect of awards as in the present case by a prison governor . The Commission further notes the serious doubt as to whether this remedy could be considered open to the applicants according to 'settled legal opinion' at the time of the lodging of the application . Finally, it would observe that in any event even if the remedy was available to the applicants it could only be considered sufficient to redress their complaint under Article 6 of the Convention concerning the procedural propriety of the adjudications and not their complaint under Article 3 as regards the cumulative severity of the punishments awarded . 12. The Commission is of the opinion, having regard to these considerations, that the remedy of seeking an order of Certiorari from the Northern Ireland courts cannot be considered an effective one in respect of their complaint . 13 The Commission notes that the Government in their observations have not claimed that a complaint to the Board of Visitors or a petition to the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland concerning the lawful imposition of sanctions constitutes a remedy to be exhausted in respect of this complaint In this regard, it has not been claimed by the applicants that the punishments awarded have been illegal under domestic law . General prison conditions and treatment by the prison authorities 14 The question arises under this head whether there exists any remedy before the Northern Ireland courts in respect of their prison conditions and treatment by the prison authorities, i .e. concerning loss of all privileges, remission, awards of cellular confinement and the general conditions and treatment described above in the section as to the Facts . 15 . The Commission notes that, apart from the St Germain Case considered above, the Government have not submitted any legal authority in support of their contention that such a remedy exists . Moreover, it observes that the applicants were advised by Queen's Counsel at the Northern Ireland Bar that their circumstances and conditions would not ground a legal remedy . 16. The Commission recalls that in the case of X. v. United Kingdom, IApplication No . 6640/74, Decisions and Reports 10, pp. 5-20), it considered - 73 - whether a complaint concerning general conditions of detention could be the subject ot an action for damages under the law of tort where there was loss of amenities or physical discomfort but no manifest physical injury or illness . After a consideration of the submissions of the parties as to the existing legal authorities the Commission stated it was not satisfied that "in the present state of the English law of tort the applicant could reasonably expect to recover damages on proot of his allegations unless there were to be a change or at least a material development in the existing case law" lid ., p. 20) . 17. In the present case the Commission sees no reason to change its view and thus affirms its opinion that, in respect of this complaint, no adequate or effective remedy exists before the Northern Ireland courts . 18 . The Commission recalls, at this point, that it normally consider s complaints to the Board of Visitors and the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland to be capable of providing redress in respect of allegations concerning matters of general prison administration and thus remedies to be exhausted under Article 26 of the Convention . It notes, however, that the question of the effectiveness of these administrative remedies is raised by the applicants under Article 13. Notwithstanding and without prejudice to the issue raised under Article 13, it appears from the information supplied by the respondent Government concerning the applicants' Board Forms li .e . letters of complaint) io the Northern Ireland Office that they raised their general complaints concerning prison conditions in full . All four applicants complained about their disciplinary punishments, conditions of their cells, lack of exercise, quality of food, restrictions on letters, removal of furniture, degrading toilet procedures and other matters relating to their general conditions . Replies from the Northern Ireland Office were sent on 4 August 1978 . Consequently the Commission considers ihat they have raised in substance their complaints under the various provisions of the Convention invoked before the competent administrative authorities iii . Separate complaints made by individual applicants 19 With regard to the separate complaints of each of the applicants, the Commission reiterates its view that remedies before the Northern Ireland courts have not been shown to be "capable of providing redress" in respect of complaints concerning prison conditions, where no physical injury is being alleged. It therefore remains to be examined, again without prejudice to the issue under Article 13 concerning the effectiveness of the administrative remedies to examine the totality of their complaints, whether administrative remedies were availed of in each case . The Commission observes that the applicants are not alleging an administrative practice in respect of their separate complaints . _74_ 20. The following conclusions emerge from the information provided by the Government and referred to above, namely that : - the applicant Hunter raised his complaints concerning the No . 1 diet, solitary confinement and the refusal of family mementoes and photographs with the Northern Ireland Office on 14 July 1978 . - the applicant Nugent raised his separate complaint concerning the No. 1 diet with the Northern Ireland Office in a letter dated 22 June 1978 ; however, it does not appear that he has complained to either the Board of Visitors or the Northern Ireland Office in respect of his allegation that he was denied access to toilet facilities during the daytime . It follows that this complaint must be rejected for failure to exhaust domestic remedies . - the applicant Campbell raised his separate complaint with the Northern Ireland Office concerning the confiscation of notes intended for his solicitor in a letter dated 5 July 1978 . He has not, however, complained either to the Norihern Ireland Office or the Board of Visitors about the award of solitary confinement made in December 1977 . However, as noted in paragraph 13 above, the Commission does not consider that a petition to the Northern Ireland Office concerning the lawful imposition of a particular punishment constitutes an effective remedy to be exhausted . - the applicant McFeeley in a letter dated 9 June 1978 complained to the Northern Ireland Office about isolation punishment. However, his allegation concerning denial of the use of toilet facilities during the daytime was not the subject of a complaint either to the Board ot Visitors or to the Northern Ireland Office, and accordingly must be dismissed for failure to exhaust domestic remedies . Nor has he raised his separate complaint that he was refused permission to attend mass while undergoing solitary confinement In this regard the Commission is of the opinion that it would have been open to the applicant to raise this complaint with either the Board of Visitors or the Northern Ireland Office with a view to establishing the legality of such action in respect of a prisoner who has been removed from association under Rule 24 of the Prison Rules . Since the Commission considers that such a petition would constitute an effective remedy in those circumstances . this complaint must also be rejected for failure to exhaust dumestic remedies . 21 . The Commission Iherefore concludes that, with the exception of the above-mentioned separate complaints of applicants Nugent and McFeeley, ' ihe applicants' complaints concerning their prison conditions and treatmen t by the prison authorities including adjudications and disciplinary awards cannot be disinissed for failure to exhaust domestic remedies . It follows, therefore, that it is not necessary at this stage to examine the claim that the applicants are victims of an administrative practice in breach of Article 3 of the Convention . - 75 - As to the six months rul e 22 . The respondent Government submit that those events which took place more than six months prior to the lodging of the application should be dismissed on the basis of the siz months rule contained in Article 26 . The applicants, on the other hand, submit that the six months rule is inapplicable since the matters about which they complain represent a "continuing situation" . 23. The Commission recalls its case-law according to which where there is "a permanent state of affairs which is still continuing" the question of the six months rule "could only arise after the state of affairs has ceased to exist" (De Becker case, Yearbook 2, pp 214, 224 ; First Greek case, second decision on admissibility, Yearbook 11, pp . 730, 778) . 24. The Commission is of the opinion that the applicants' general complaints under the various articles invoked concerning their prison conditions and treatment by the prison authorities, including adjudications and disciplinary punishments, are complaints which concern "a permanent state of affairs which is still continuing" . This is seen most clearly in respect of the disciplinary awards made at first every fourteen days and subsequently every twenty eight days . Similarly the complaint concerning prison conditions and treatment is of a continuing and developing nature in the sense that the applicants are allegedly subject to those conditions every day of their detention . 25. With respect to the remaining separate complaints made by the applicants the Commission notés that they were the subject of petitions to the Northern Ireland Officewhich replied to each of the applicants in letters dated 4 August 1978 and thus within the six month period . 26. The Commission thus concludes that the applicants' complaints as above cannot be dismissed on the basis of the six months rule . On the alleged violation of Article 9 27 The applicants complain that they are required to wear prison uniform and engage in prison work contrary to their beliefs and conscience . They consider that they are "political prisoners" or "prisoners of war" and should not be subjected to the same prison regime as other prisoners convicted of "ordinary" criminal offences . 28. Article 9 states as follows "1 . Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion ; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief, in worship, teaching, practice and observance." - 76- 29. The respondent Government submit that the term "belief" in Article 9 . paragraph 1, relates to the holding of spiritual or philosophical convictions which have an identifiable formal content . It does not extend to mere "opinions" or deeply held feelings about certain matters . 30. The Commission considers that the applicants are seeking to derive from Article 9 the right to a "special category status" whereby they are entitled to wear their own clothes and be relieved from the requirement of prison work and, in general, be treated in a way which distinguishes them from other prisoners convicted of criminal offences by the ordinary courts . The Commission is of the opinion that the right to such a preferential status for a certain category of prisoner is not amongst the rights guaranteed by the Convention or by Article 9 in particular . Moreover, it considers that the freedom to manifest religion or belief "in practice" as contained in this provision cannot be interpreted t.o include a right for the applicants to wear their own clothes in prison . 33. Accordingly, it considers that this complaint must be rejected under Article 27, paragraph 2, as incompatible ratione materiae with the provisions of the Convention . On the alleged violation of Article 3 32 . The Commission notes that the applicants' complaints under Article 3 fall into the following four categories i. they complain, jointly and severally, that the combination of disciplinary awards and conditions of detention in the H-Blocks constitutes an inhuman and degrading system of treatment ; ii . they also complain, jointly and severally that, taken separately, the system of continuous and cumulative sanctions, the imposition of 'isolation' punishment and collective punishments constitutes inhuman and degrading punishment ; iii. they further complain that the combination of disciplinary punishments and their conditions of detention amounts to an administrative practice of inhuman and degrading treatment in breach of Article 3 ; iv. the applicants Hunter and Nugent complain separately of certain features of the prison regime . Thus both state that the imposition of a restricted diet INo I diet) amounts to inhuman and degrading punishment . The applicant Hunter complains that an award of 'isolation' punishment on 19 April 1978 was a disproportionate sanction for the offence involved and thus amounted to inhuman punishment . 33. Article 3 of the Convention provides that no one shall be subjected to tonure or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment . - 77- 34 . The respondent Government submit that tne above complaints are part of a propaganda campaign at present being waged by the IRA in order to pressurise the Government to grand 'special category st3tus' to their members serving prison sentences in Northern Ireland . As regards their complaint that their prison conditions constitute inhuman and degrading treatment it submits that there is no basis in fact for the applicants' allegations . It states that most of their complaints are the direct consequence of their own acts . For example, the lack of furniture is the result of its having been hroken by prisoners . Further, the prison facilities are modern but the applicants have deliberately smashed the windows in their cells . Moreover, any insanitary conditions are directly attributable to their actions in defiling their cells thereby necessitating the use of disinfectant . The Government further state that they are subject to proper medical supervision and entitled under the prison rules to one hour's exercise every day which they can take in prison clothing or prison underwear or without clothing Furthermore, since March 1978 they have chosen not to leave their cells to use the dining room, toilets or washroom or to take exercise . In such circumstances it is submitted that this complaints be dismissed as manifestly ill-founded . 35. With respect to the various complaints of inhuman and degrading punishment the Government submit with reference to the decision of the Court in the Tyrer case, that all of the surrounding circumstances have to be iaken into accourit, especially the applicants' organised protest campaign, in making an evaluation . It is further argued that the awards of 'isolation' punishment and the No . 1 diet fall short of the level of treatment prohibited by Article 3 . 36 . The applicants, on the other hand, maintain that their application doe s not derive from any campaign nor should it be identified with one . They state that it concerns the rights of prisoners who refuse to conform to the requirements of the prison rules to wear prison uniform and to work and the appropriateness of the prison authorities' response to such refusal under the Convention . They claim that the deterioration in their situation, culminating in the events ot Maich 1978 flows directly from the excessive response of the authorities to their protest in the form of a consistent regime of severe and humiliating punishments over a long period . 37 . !n this regard they point out that they have been subjected to and are still being subjected to, cumulatively severe disciplinary punishments from the beginning of their sentences . They have been naked because the prison authorities refused to provide them with alternative clothing . They have been in constant confinement in their cells . There has been a deprivation of association with others and a complete embargo on reading matter or other access to the media, as well as loss of access to recreational and educational opportunities. Moreover, since 12 November 1976 the opportunity o f _78_ exercising or leaving their cells covered in a blanket was withdrawn from them As a result they were placed in a position of either wearing the uniform which was in conscience unacceptable to them, or leaving their cells naked, which they considered degrading . 38 The Commission observes that, although there is disagreement between the parties on various questions of fact, it is not in dispute that the applicants were awarded disciplinary punishments by the deputy or assistant Governor at intervals of fourteen and subsequently twenty-eight days. As the applicants consistently refuse to conform to the prison rules, they have been continuously subject to a regime of punishments consisting of substantial loss of remission, loss of all privileges lincluding association with other prisoners and access to educational and recreational facilities), and regular periods of cellular confinemen t 39 The Commission recalls in the first place the elaboration of the concept of inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment by both the Commission and the European Court of Human Right s 40. The Commission has held in the Greek case (Yearbook 12, p . 1861, and the case of lre/and v. United Kingdom IYearbook 19, pp . 745 and 7521, that : - the notion of inhuman treatment covers at least such treatment as deliberately causes severe suffering, mental or physical ; - treatment of an individual may be said to be degrading if it grossly humiliates him before others or drives him to act against his own will or conscience . However, as underlined by the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Ireland v . United Kingdo m "ill-treatment must attain a minimum level of severity if it is to fall within the scope of Article 3 The assessment of this minimum is, in the nature of things, relative : it depends on all the circumstances of the case, such as the duration of the treatment, its physical or mental effects and, in some cases, the sex, age and state of health of the victim, etc . " Ijudgment of 18 January 1978, Series A, No 25, paragraph 162) . 41 . The further elements in Article 3, namely, inhuman and degrading punishment, have been considered by the Court in the Tyrer case (judgment of 25 April 1978, p . 10) . The Court states that "for a punishment to be 'degrading' and in breach of Article 3, the humiliatioi, or debasement involved must attain a particular level ." (at para. 30) . Once more the assessment is relative, depending on all the circumstances of the case and, in particular, on the nature and context of the punishment itself and the manner and method of its execution libid .l. The Court further considere d _7g_ that "the suffering occasioned must attain a particular level before a punishment can be classified as 'inhuman' within the meaning of Article 3" Ipara . 29) . 42. It is clear that the applicants. along with a substantial number of other prisoners in the Maze Prison, Northern Ireland, consider themselves to be "political prisoners" and different from ordinary criminals in the sense that the crimes which they committed were "politically motivated" and that they were arrested, tried and convicted under special emergency legislation They seek a"special category status" which would entitle them inter alia to wear their own clothes and to certain additional privileges, in recognition of the "political" nature of their offences . Furthermore, the applicants consider that their protest is a justified one and interpret the insistence of the prison authorities that they wear prison uniform and engage in work as a form of systematic coercion . It must be observed that the process of action and reaction between the parties, which has carried the dispute to such extremes, stems directly from the applicants' belief in the rightness of their cause and no doubt their perception of the propaganda value of such a stand, in terms of increasing support for the IRA among the outside community in Northern Ireland . 43. The Commission, however, must observe that the applicants are seeking to achieve a status of political prisoner which they are not entitled to under national law or under the Convention . Furthermore, although this point has not been argued by the parties in their observations, the Commission does not consider that such an entitlement in the present context can be deiived from existing norms of International Law . In this regard the Commission recalls its opinion that the applicants' convictions are not protected by the Convention or Article 9 in particular, and that their complaint under this provision has been rejected as incompatible ratione materiae . It follows from this that their protest cannot derive any legitimacy or justification from the Convention and cannot be attributed to any positive action on behalf of the respondent Government . Thus the Commission is of the view that the undoubtedly harsh conditions of detention, which developed from the applicants' decision not to wear prison uniform or use the toilet and washing facilities provided and other self-imposed deprivations associated with their protest, cannot engage the responsibility of the respondent Government . 44 . It must also be considered whether the Convention imposes on the Government an obligation to accept the demands of the applicants not to wear prison uniform or to work in the face of a dispute which continues to deteriorate in such a drastic way to the detriment of everyone concerned . However, the Commission does not consider that such an obligation exists in the present case . - 80 - 45. In reaching this view the Commission had regard to the fact that the protest campaign was designed and co-ordinated by the prisoners to create the maximum publicity and enlist public sympathy and support for their political aims. That such a strategy involved self-inflicted debasement and humiliation to an almost sub-human degree must be taken into account . Moreover, the evidence in the case-file concerning the medical history of the applicants and the sanitary and health measures undertaken by the prison authorities do not indicate that the situation has been allowed to deteriorate to the point where the lives of the applicants have been put in jeopardy . The Commission would add finally, that it does not consider there to be anything inherently degrading or objectionable about the requirement to wear a prison uniform or to work . In this regard it notes that, as indicated in the Gardiner Report lop . cit .l, the withdrawal of special category status in 1976 was motivated by such considerations as the need to treat prisoners on the same footing, to reassert disciplinary . control and to ameliorate conditions for rehabilitation work . 46. On the other hand, the Commission considers that in such a situation, the State is not absolved from its obligation under the Convention and Article 3 in particular, because prisoners are engaged in what is regarded as an unlawful challenge to the authority of the prison administration . Although short of an obligation to accept the applicants' demands in the sense described above, the Convention requires that the prison authorities, with due regard to the ordinary and reasonable requirements of imprisonment, exercise their custodial authority to safeguard the health and well-being of all prisoners including those engaged in protest insofar as that may be possible in the circumstances Such a requirement makes it necessary for the prison authorities to keep under constant review their reaction to recalcitrant prisoners engaged in a developing and protracted protest . Isee Ensslin, Baader and Raspe v . Federal Republic of Germany, Decisions and Reports 14, pp . 64-116, at p . 111) . Disciplinary punishments and conditions of detention 47 . As a consequence of the applicants' persistent breach of the prison rules in refusing to wear prison uniform or to work, they are awarded disciplinary punishments by the Assistant or Deputy Governor every 28 days . The punishments consist of 28 days' loss of remission ; 28 days' loss of privi- leges , 28 days' loss of earnings' . Before 6 October 1978 they were also awarded three days' cellular confinement . The Commission considers, firstly, that an award of loss of remission for a disciplinary otfence does not constitute inhuman or degrading treatmen t ' Puo, lo 19 Oclober 1978 the same ounishmenls were awarded eve,y 14 days tor a duralion ol 14 davs . - 81 - in the sense developed above Moreover, it notes that lost remission may be restored by the prison authorities wherea prisoner conforms to the prison rules and after a period of good conduct . 48. As the Government and the applicants have explained, the loss of privileges means that they are segregated from the rest of the prison community and are not permitted to associate freely with other prisoners . It also means that they are not entitled, inter alia, to additional visits, or to a radio or newspapers or to avail of educational facilities . It is in this regard that the applicants' allegations that they are confined to their cells, on a per- manent basis, arise . 49. The Commission has previously considered numerous applications concerning solitary confinement or "isolation" punishment . It has said that complete sensory isolation, coupled with total sccial isolation, can destroy the personality and constitutes a form of inhuman treatment which cannot be justified by the requirements of security or any other reason . (see Ensslin, Baader & Raspe, op . cit . ; at p. 109) . On the other hand a distinction has been drawn between this and removal from association with other prisoners for security, disciplinary or protective reasons . The Commission would not normally consider that this form of segregation from the prison community amounts to inhuman treatment or punishment (ibid.) . In making an assessment in a given case, regard must be had to the surrounding circumstances including the particular conditions, the stringency of the measure, its duration, the objective pursued and its effects on the person concerned (ibid .) . 50 . The Commission must observe, in the present case, that the form of segregation the applicant are subject to does not amount to solitary confine- ment or to total social isolation as such . It is more correctly characterised as a form of removal from association with other prisoners . Each of the applicants shares a cell with another prisoner . Moreover, it is still open to the applicants, as is confirmed by the submissions of both parties, to leave their cells for certain purposes, e .g . to take one hour's exercise every day in the open air, to receive visits from lawyers, to attend religious services or to visit the medical or welfare officer, to visit the toilet facilities, to take a shower twice weekly, to visit the library and to collect meals from the dining room . 51 . The applicants, on the other hand, argue that in order to leave their cells for most of the above reasons they would have to go naked since, as a matter of prison policy, the Governor denies them the use of their blanket outside the cell . The Commission notes that since March 1978 and the intensification of the protest, the applicants have chosen te remain confined to their cells since the options available to them, i .e. to go naked or wear prison clothes, are considered degrading. In the Commission's view, a serious question would arise under Article 3 if the possibility of leaving thei r --82- cell naked was the only option to them . This not the case here . They may leave their cells for the above reasons, dressed in either prison uniform or prison underwear. The Commission does not accept, no matter how sincerely held the applicants' beliefs are, that to do so is in any way degrading. In fact it notes that the applicants are prepared to compromise as regards attendance at mass and visits from lawyers or relatives . Accordingly, the fact that they choose not to avail of the above opportunities to leave their cells is plainly their own responsibility . 52. The Commission observes that every fourteen days, from the beginning of their sentences, the applicants were awarded three days' cellular confinement . During this period they were confined to their cells, although they were still entitled one hour's exercise in the open air every day . Their mattresses and bedding were removed during the day-time but returned at night . The Commission notes that this punishment was served in their own cells in the company of a cell mate and not in the punishment block, and that its duration was limited to three out of every fourteen days Moreover, as a regular punishment for the applicants' protest it ended on 6 October 1978 . The Commission does not doubt the cumulative harshness of this punishment over a long period but again it must observe that, given the actual conditions in which the punishment was served and its length, the Commission is of the opinion that it has not attained a sufficient level of severity to raise an issue under Article 3 . 53 The applicants' accommodation consists, under normal circumstances . of a small cell equipped with bunk beds, writing table and chairs, a small cabinet to hold their personal items and an ordinary notice board attached to the wall. It has a window of adequate size which allows enough sunlight to enter and provides sufficient ventilation . On the basis of photographic evidence submitted by the Government and not contradicted by the applicants, the Commission is satisfied that prior to the intensification of the protest in March 1978, cell conditions were satisfactory . It is, however, clear that once the applicants entered into the phase to protest, known as the 'dirty protest', after March 1978, their living conditions deteriorated drastically. The applicants inter aliâ refused to use the washing or toilet facilities provided outside their cells and smeared the cell walls with faeces. The cells are now without furniture except for plastic water containers and basins for toilet functions . Cell furniture has been removed because the applicants and other prisoners involved in the protest have broken it up and refused to give asurances that such incidents will not occur again. They have also discarded waste food in the corners of their cells, urinated on it and used it to defile their cell walls . As a result of their decision not to use the toilet facilities they have to go to the toilet in the presence of their cell companion . - 83 - 54 . The Commission has not doubt that the above described conditions are "inhuman and degrading" within the meaning ascribed to them under the Convention . However, it must observe that these conditions are self-imposed by the applicants as part of their protest for "special category status" and, were they motivated to improve them, could be eliminated almost immediately . 55. The applicants further complain that they are being denied exercise and have been so for considerable periods of time . The Commission has paid particular regard to this complaint since it considers that a denial of exercise constitutes a serious danger to the physical and mental well-being of prisoners and would raise a serious issue under Article 3, if established . However, once more it must observe that the applicants' claim is not correct . They are in fact entitled, under Prison Rule 58, to one hour's exercise in the open air every day . They can exercise either in prison uniform or prison underwear or naked . While it is true that the governor does not permit them to exercise covered in a blanket, it cannot be deduced that exercise is being denied them. In reality they choose not to take advantage of the opportunities for exercise rather than compromise their protest. A similar situation exists in relation to use of the library facilities which may be availed of by the applicants in either prison uniform, prison underwear or naked . It follows, therefore, that they alone must bear responsibility for the choice they have made . 56. It is clear from the submissions of the parties that the applicants may receive attention from prison medical staff including qualified doctors either dressed in prison uniform or underwear or naked . They are not permitted to cover themselves with either a blanket or a towel if they choose not to wear prison uniform. To receive medical attention from outside medical specialists they are required to wear prison clothing . The Commission is satisfied with the general provision of medical care in the Maze . In particular it notes that prisoners may seek medical attention in respect of any complaint during the early morning "request period" . At other times, they can ask to see the hospital officer in the prison block, who will call for a doctor if this appears to be necessa ry. It also notes that they must be certified as fit by the medical officer before a period of "cellular confinement" is awarded . Moreover, the Commission has examined summaries of the applicants' medical records compiled while in prison, and is satisfied that their medical complaints received the normal and proper attention. The records reveal that on several occasions the applicants were unco-operative with the medical authorities, either refusing to wash before radiological investigations which, as a result, were not carried out, or refusing to attend for specialist examination (perhaps because of the requirement that they wear a uniform) . The Commission must agai n - 84 - conclude that any inadequacy in the medical attention they received or are receiving as a result ot such behaviour is attributable to their own actions in furtherance of the protest . 57. The applicants have also complained of the searching procedures they are subject to, in particular the 'strip', or 'close body search' . This consists of searching the prisoner while he is naked and examining his rectum with the aid of a mirror . 58. The applicants, who state that they do not object to being searched as such, maintain that such a procedure is humiliating and inherently degrading . The Government submit that a 'close body' search is necessary in the particular circumstances which obtain in the Maze Prison in the interests of security . 59 The Commission notes that 'close body' searches of this nature which were introduced in January 1979, take place before and after visits and before prisoners are transferred to a new wing (at intervals of seven to ten days). Such searches take place in the presence of three prison officers and one senior officer . No other prisoners are present . Moreover they do not involve actual physical contact unless the prisoner offers resistance . A metal detector is used to check for metal objects and if the prisoner is suspected of concealing an article in his rectum he is examined by the prison doctor after removal to the cell block . 60. The Commission has taken into consideration the exceptional circum- stances in the Maze Prison, in particular the dangerous objects that have been found concealed in the recta of protesting prisoners (such as, e .g . razor blades, flints, matches, cigarette lighters) ; the fact that, in the past, protesting prisoners have used such objects for disruptive purposes le .g ., to burn the perspex shields used for window coverings) ; the serious risk that concealed letters might identify prison officers as potential assassination targets. In this respect it should be recalled that the campaign of killings being carried on by the Provisional I .R .A . has been directed at the personnel of the prison service in Northern Ireland, eight of whom have been murdered (as of January 19791. It has also considered the manner in which such searches are carried out as described in detail in the Government's observ- ations . 61 . The Commission notes that several features of the search procedures le .g . the presence of a senior officer, use of a mirror to avoid physical contact, medical examination if the prisoner is suspected of concealing somethingl are designed to reduce the level of humiliation to the prisoner and provide safeguards against abuse. While there can be no doubt that many prisoners find such procedures humiliating the Commission is of the opinion that in the circumstances the level of mental or physical suffering i s - 85 - not such as to amount to inhuman treatment . Similarly, it does not consider that the degree of debasement or humiliation involved, particularly in respect of prisoners who must be aware by reason of their campaign of the substantial security threat posed, reaches the level of severity required for it to amount to degrading treatment . 62 . The Commission has next considered to what extent the prison auth- orities and the Northern Ireland Office have kept detention arrangements and conditions under review in the course of the protest . It notes that the authorities are careful to supervise the sanitary state of each prison block and sées no reason to disbelieve their submission that close check is kept on the health of the protesters . The Northern Ireland Prison Department is in receipt of frequent reports on the state of hygiene in each prison block ; prisoners are moved from fouled cells at regular intervals ; cells are thoroughly cleaned and, if necessary, repainted ; external surfaces contaminated by excreta thrown from the cell windows are cleaned daily and food ustensils are sterilised after each meal. The Commission further observes that the punishment of cellular confinement has ceased to be awarded after 6 October 1978 and that the prison authorities have been willing to replace furniture in the cells in return for an assurance, which was not forthcoming, . that it not be destroyed . 63 . However, it must have become clear to the prison authorities after a certain period that the applicants were not prepared to change their attitudes, to take exercise naked or to make use of prison facilities (such as the library or dining room) naked, or to wear prison uniform or underwear to see medical specialists The result is that the applicants are confined to their cells on a permanent basis in conditions, though self-imposed, which must pose a significant threat to their physical and mental well-being . 64 . No doubt the authorities consider that to make concessions to the applicants will result in strengthening their resolve to continue their protest to a successful conclusion . However, the Commission must express its concern at the inflexible approach of the Stale authorities which has been concerned more to punish offenders against prison discipline than to explore ways of resolving such a serious deadlock . Furthermore, the Commission is of the view that, for humanitarian reasons, efforts should have been made by the authorities to ensure that the applicants could avail of certain facilities such as taking regular exercise in the open air with some form of clothing (other than prison clothing) and making greater use of the prison amenities under similar conditions . At the same time, arrangements should have been made to enable the applicants to consult outside medical specialists even though they were not prepared to wear prison uniform or underwear . 65. Notwithstanding the above, the failure of the authorities in these respects, taking into consideration the magnitude of the institutional proble m - 66 - posed by the protest and the supervisory and sanitary precautions they have adopted to cope with it, cannot lead to the conclusion that the Government is in breach of its obligations under Article 3 . 66. 66 . The Commission concludes that, for the reasons elaborated above, the combination of disciplinary punishments and conditions of detention does not reveal, prima facie, inhuman or degrading treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention . Continuous and cumulative sanction s 67. With respect to the separate complaint concerning the imposition of continuous and cumulatively severe disciplinary punishments, the Com- mission refers to its conclusion developed above (paras . 45-50), that they do not amount to inhuman and degrading treatment . For the same reasons it does not consider that they constitute inhuman and degrading punishment . Isolation punrshment ' 68. All four applicants have at different times been awarded periods of cellular confinement or 'isolation' punishment for disciplinary offences other than refusal to wear prison uniform . Thus the applicant McFeeley was awarded 7 days' cellular confinement for disrespect to an officer ; 3 days on 15 May 1978 for threatening a prison officer ; 15 days on 15 September 1978 for assaulting a prison officer and another prisoner ; 14 days on 5 October 1978 for assault on other prisoners . The applicant Hunter was awarded 3 days on 19 April 1978 for possession of prohibited articles Itobaccol ; and 3 days on 12 June 1978 for disrespect to a prison officer . The applicant Campbell was awarded 3 days on 19 December 1977 for possession of cigarettes. The applicant Nugent was awarded 3 days on 14 February 1978 for issuing orders to other prisoners ; 3 days on 29 April 1978 for assault on 2 prison officers ; 3 days on 10 June 1978 for making false statements . 69. The Commission notes that during periods of cellular confinement mattresses and bedding are removed during the daytime and returned at night . It considers further awards of cellular confinement harsh and open to criticism in the context of the disciplinary punishments they were already subject to . However it notes that the periods awarded were relatively short and occurred at different times throughout the applicants' imprisonment . Again, the punishment can more appropriately be characterised as removal from association as opposed to the form of isolation punishment described in paragraph 49 above . Moreover, it noies that a prisoner has to be certified fit- by a medical officer to undergo a period of cellular confinement and i s ' i .e . cellula, confinement foi olfences oihe , Ihan ie l usal t o wear orison unifmm, which is served in rhe punishment block - 87 - subject to daily medical inspection . The Commission also notes, from the summaries of the applicants' medical records, submitted by the Government, that the applicants' physical or mental health does not appear to be in any particular danger . Taking these factors into account, the Commission is not of the opinion that such punishment attains a sufficiently high level of severity to amount to inhuman or degrading punishment . Collective punishments 70. The applicants complain in this respect of the removal of furniture from their cells and the withdrawal of religious literature and toothpaste . They state that the action taken by the authorities constitutes a collective punishment . 71 . The Commission observes that furniture was removed from H-Block 5 (where the applicants were accommodated) in June 1978 after it had been destroyed by the inmates . In further notes that each prisoner has been asked on several occasions for an assurance that the cell furniture will not be damaged as a condition for its return . It appears that the applicants have not been prepared to give such an assurance . The Commission does not accept on the basis of the evidence in the case file that return of furniture was dependent on the applicants wearing the prison uniform . It further appears that religious literature and toothpaste were withdrawn because of their misuse by prisoners as part of their protest . In these circumstances the Commission considers that this complaint must be rejected as manifestly ill-founded. - On the alleged administrative prectice 72. The Commission has concluded that the facts as presented by the parties do not reveal inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment in breach of Article 3. It follows, therefore that the existence of an administrative practice cannot be establishe d Separate complaints of Hunter, Nugent and Campbell 73. Both the applicants Hunter and Nugent complain of the imposition on them of the No. 1 diet. The applicant Hunter was awarded 3 days of No . 1 diet on 19 April 1978 and a further 3 days on 12 June 1978 for disciplinary offences. The applicant Nugent was awarded 3 days of the No . 1 diet on 24 April 1978 for assault on a prison officer . The applicants Hunter and Campbell further complain that an award of 3 days cellular confinement or isolation punishment on 19 April 1978 an d - 88 - 19 December 1977 respectively for possession of tobacco were dispropor- tionate santions for the offences involved . 74. The Commission observes that the No . 1 diet is set out in the schedule to the Prison Rules INorthern Ireland) 1954 and, when awarded tor a period of three days, consists of the following :"12 ozs. bread and 8 ozs . potatoes per diem with water and 1 pint of tea morning and night and 1 pint soup mid- day " 75. The Commission notes that since October 1978 the above diet is no longer employed as a disciplinary award, although it does not appear to have been abolished as such . The Commission considers that a restricted diet such as the above, coupled with an award of cellular confinement is a stringent and wholly undesirable form of punishment . However, in the present case it notes that it was employed for short periods in respect of both complainants and is thus of the opinion that, though harsh, does not amount to a sufficiently rigorous punishment where the level of physical or mental suffering or the degree of humiliation involved amounts to inhuman or degrading punishment in breach of Article 3 . 76. The Commission is of the same opinion as regards appliant Hunter's and applicant Campbell's additional complaint concerning the dispropor- tionate nature of the punishment awarded on 19 April 1978 Conclusion 77. The Commission therefore concludes by a majority that an examination of both the applicants' joint and several complaints and the complaints submitted separately by applicants Hunter, Nugent and Campbell does not disclose the appearance of inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in breach of Article 3 and must therefore be dismissed as manifestly ill-founded under Article 27 (2) of the Convention On the alleged violation of Article 8 78. The applicants complain under this provision of unjustified and disproportionate interference with their right to respect for their private and family lives and their correspondence . The applicant Hunter makes a separate complaint of interference with his right to respect for family life . Article 8 provides as follows : 1 . Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and correspondence . 2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a - 89 - democratic society in the interest of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others . Privacy 79 The applicants have complained in particular of the following matters as constituting an interference with their private life . i. The daily procedure of emptying their chamber pot or "slopping out" . This involved walking to a toilet receptacle either naked or covered only in a towel or blanket . ii . Allegations of constant surveillance by prison warders when using the toiletfacilitie s iii . The 'strip' search procedure before and after visits and regular searching when the applicants sought to use the toilet facilities . iv. The removal from association from the rest of the prison community . In this respect it is submitted that their rights to association are protected under the right to privacy . v. The use of a chamber pot in the cell during both day and night and thus within the sight of a cell companion . 80. The Commission considers that the facts complained of in the first and last of these complaints (i .e . the slopping out procedures and the use of the chamber pot in the cell) are attributable to the actions of the applicants themselves in the furtherance of their protest . It must again be observed that if they had to slop out either naked or covered only in a blanket or towel, it was because of their persistant refusal to wear prison clothes . In the same way, the use of a chamber pot in the cell both day and night is the direct result of their decision in early 1978 not to avail of the toilet facilities and to intensify their campaign . Accordingly, in these respects the Commission does not find that there has been an interference with respect for their private live s 81 . As regards the complaints under the heading concerning surveillance by prison warders and searching procedures, the Commission must have regard to the real,security threat posed by such a large-scale protest campaign . The attempts to conceal dangerôus objects and the previous disruptive behaviour of the prisoners as noted above Ipara . 59) make it inevitable that close surveillance and thorough searching takes place . The Commission .thus finds that these procedures, although an interference with their right to respect for private life may be justified as being in accordance with the law li .e the prison rules) and "necessary in a democratic society for the prevention of disorder or crime" within the meaning of Article 8, paragraph 2 - 90 - 82. Finally, insofar as the applicants complain that they are not permitted to associate with other prisoners, the Commission observes that it has previously been held in X. v . Iceland IDecisions and Reports 5, p . 86) that the concept of private lite under the Convention comprises "to a certain degree the right to establish and to develop relationships with other human beings, especially in the emotional field for the development and the fulfilment of one's own personality". The Commission considers that this element in the concept of privacy extends to the sphere of imprisonment and that their removal from association thus constitutes an interference with their right to privacy in this respect . However, it is clear that removal from association was a consequence of the disciplinary punishment of loss of privileges, imposed at regular periods with a view to bringing their protest to an end. The Commission therefore considers that the interference, which is in accordance with the law (Rule 31 of the Prison Rules (Northern Ireland) 19541, is justified under Article 8, paragraph 2 as "necessary in a democratic society . . for ihe prevention of disorder" . 83 . The Commission has also considered ex officio whether the requirement rhat the applicants wear prison uniform constitutes an interference with their right to respect for their private lives. The Commission considers Ihat such a requirement constitutes an interference with respect for private life under Article 8, paragraph 1 . However, it observes that the purpose of a prison uniform is to facilitate identification of a prisoner with a view to preventing his escape or securing re-capture in the evenl of an escape, and secondly, to enable the prison authorities to distinguish between the prison community and visitors dressed in ordinary clothes The requirement to wear the clothing provided by the prison authorities is contained in Rule 63 of the Prison Rules (Northern Ireland) 1954 . The Commission thus finds that it is justified under Article 8, paragraph 2 as "necessary in a democratic society in the interests of public safety and . . for the prevention of crimé' . Family lile 84 . The applicants further complain that the restriction of their visits from family members to one per month and the requirement that they wear a prison uniform for this purpose constitute an interference with their right to respect for their family life . • The Commission notes that these restrictions on family visits are the direct consequence of the award of loss of privileges imposed on the applicants for their refusal to wear prison uniform . The Commission considers that whilst the restrictions appear to involve prima facie an interference with the applicants' right to respect for their family life, it is clear that they have been imposed as part of a regime of disciplinary punishments whose purpose is to bring the protest to an end . The measures taken were i n - 91 - accordance with Rule 31 of the Prison Rules INorthern Irelandl 1954 with due regard to Rule 102 (1) which provides that special attention is to be paid to the maintenance of relationships between a prisoner and his family . The Commission thus finds that they were justified under Article 8, paragraph 2 as "necessary in a democratic society . . for the prevention of disorder .. ." . 85. The applicant Hunter makes a separate complaint that he was refused family mementoes and photographs forwarded to him for placing in his cell . However, it has not been made clear to the Commission whether this complaint concerns an interference with the applicant's incoming mail or a refusal by the prison authorities to allow him to keep and display such items in his cell. In these circumstances, the Commission finds that it has not been provided with sufficient elements by the applicants to enable it to assess the complaint properly and that it must therefore be dismissed for lack of substantiation . 86 It follows therefore that the applicants' complaints concerning an interference with their private and family lives must be rejected as manifestly ill-founded in accordance with Article 27, paragraph 2, of the Convention. Correspondence 87. The applicants complain of the following restrictions on the right to respect for their correspondence : a. limitations on the number of letters which they may send and receive 0 letter in and 1 letter out per month) ; b. the reading by the prison authorities of letters, and stopping of certain of them ; c. allegations concerning the supply of writing materials li .e. that they are not supplied with writing paper and a pen but must make an application to the prison officers on each occasion) . The applicant Campbell complains separately that notes intended for his solicitor concerning the present application were taken from him by order of the prison Governor . 88 . The Commission observes that the question of the compatibility o f restrictions imposed on prisoners correspondence under the Prison Rules for England and Wales with this provision of the Convention, is currently under examination by the Commission in the Prisoners' Correspondence Cases (see e.g. Applications Nos 7052/75, 7113/75, 7136/75 Decisions and Reports 10, at pp . 154, 163, 2051 . 89. The Commission notes that the present complaint raises related questions in connection with the Prison Rules INorthern Ireland) 1954 It therefore decides to adjourn its examination of this complaint with a view to further deliberation in the light of its opinion in the above mentioned applications . _92_ On the alleged violation of Article 6 90. The applicants submit that they are victims of a violation of Article 6 in that their adjudications for disciplina ry offences by the prison governor did not involve an independent and impartial tribunal or respect other procedural rights contained in that provision . They state that the penalties they were sub- jected to involving the consant imposition of periods of solita ry confinement and substantial loss of remission constitute a deprivation of liberty . In addition, it is submitted that restrictions on the rights to family life, respect for corres- pondence, association and freedom of expression amount to a determination of their civil rights and obligations within the meaning of Article 6 . The respondent Government submit that Article 6 is not applicable in the case of disciplinary adjudications by a prison governor . It is contended that the disciplinary offences involved, namely, the refusal to wear prison clothing or to work, are purely disciplinary matters unrelated to the ordinary criminal law. Moreover, loss of remission cannot be considered a deprivation of liberty since remission is considered a privilege . Similarly, the other penalties awarded cannot involve a deprivation of liberty since the applicants are already in prison . 91 . Article 6 .1 provides that "in the determination . . . of any criminal charge against him everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law•• . The remaining paragraphs of Article 6 guarantee the presumption of innocence and certain minimum rights for those charged with a criminal offence . 82. The Commission has first to examine whether the provisions of Article 6 apply to the regular disciplinary adjudications by the governor or his deputy for the offences of refusing to wear prison uniform and to work . It will then consider the applicability of Article 6 to the other adjudications for miscel- laneous disciplinary matters . . • 93. It recalls that in the case of Engel and others the European Court of Human Rights held that it was open to States to maintain a distinction between disciplinary and criminal law but that it has a jurisdiction to examine whether a charge of a disciplinary character counts as a "criminal charge" for purposes of Article 6 or to "satisfy itself that the disciplinary does not improperly encroach upon the criminal" (judgment of 8 June 1976, para . 811 . In the exercise of this jurisdiction the Court enumerated the following three criteria to be taken into consideration in determining whether the guarantees contained in Article 6 ought to have applied : 1 . "whether the provisions defining the offence charged belong, according to the legal system of the respondent State, to criminal law, disciplinary law or both concurrently• ; - 93 - 2 . "the very nature of the offencé" ; 3. "the degree of severity of the penalty that the person concerned risks incurring" . (ibid., para . 82) 94. With respect to the second criteria the Court added that this was a tactor ot "greater import" and that "when a serviceman finds himself accused of an act or omission allegedly contravening a legal rule governing the operation of the armed forces, the State may in principle employ against him disciplinary law rather than criminal law" libid.l . The Commission notes that although the Court was careful to limit its analysis to the sphere of military service the Commission has previously considered the above criteria applicable to cases concerning prison disciplinary offences (see e .g. Appli- . cation No . 6224/73, Kiss v . United Kingdom, Decisions and Reports 7, pp . 55-641 . 95 In the present case, with respect to the adjudications which took place at first every fourteen and then twenty-eight days, the Commission notes that the offences with which the applicants were charged (i .e. refusing to wear prison uniform or to work) were contrary to the Rules concerning the operation of prison life, namely Rules 44 and 63 of the Prison Rules INorthern Ireland) 1954, and thus clearly both governed by disciplinary law and disciplinary in nature . 96 The disciplinary nature of the adjudications is further confirmed by the actual penalties awarded namely fourteen days loss of remission, fourteen days loss of privileges, fourteen days loss of earnings and three days cellular confinement After 19 October 1978 when the adjudications were at twenty-eight day intervals the awards of loss of remission and privileges have been of twenty-eight days duration and cellular confinement was dis- continued . Moreover, Rule 31 of the Prison Rules imposes clear limits on the awards the Governor may make for offences against discipline . For example under Rule 31 (b) and Icl forfeiture of remission of sentence and of privileges may not exceed twenty-eight days . 97. The Commission is aware that the cumulative effect of the penalties awarded continuously at regular intervals amounts to a severe punishment . However it considers that for purposes of an examination under Article 6 the process of adjudication has to be viewed as a continuous series of adjudi- cations at regular intervals for continuing disciplinary offences . It follows therefore that resultant harshness of the accumulated awards made against the applicants does not, in the Commission's opinion, detract from the d_isciplinary character of the offences . The Commission thus considers that the above disciplinary proceeding s are not required to respect the guarantees contained in Article 6 . _94_ 98 . Insofar as this complaint relates to other adjudications that the applicants were subject to the Commission considers, taking the criteria elaborated above into consideration, that most of the charges were of a typical prison disciplinary nature (e .g . failure to return prison property, dis- respect to a prison officer, possession of prohibited articlesl and resulted in awards which were not especially severe . It is of the opinion that for such offences summary disciplinary proceedings are not subject to the procedural safeguards contained in Article 6 . 99 . The Commission, however, observes that both the applicant McFeeley and Nugent were at different times charged with assault either of a prison officer or of other prisonr=rs' . With respect to these charges the Commission notes, first of all, that these offences belong both to disciplinary and criminal law. However it is clear, in the context of a prison system that assaults on prison officers or other prisoners are offences of a disciplinary nature which concern the security and good order of the prison . 100. As far as the severity of the punishment is concerned the Commission observes that the applicant Nugent received an award of 3 days' No . 1 diet, 3 days' cellular confinement and 28 days' loss of privileges, in respect of one charge of assaulting a prison officer 129 April 1978) and a caution in respect of a similar charge 125 September 1978) . The Commission does not consider that these punishments alter its characterisation of the offence as being essentially disciplinary for which summary disciplinary proceedings were appropriate. Moreover, it has not been informed of any elements of a more serious nature concerning these charges that would have required proper criminal proceedings . 101 . The applicant McFeeley, on the other hand, was awarded on 15 September 1978 in respect of two charges of assault 15 days and 10 days cellular confinement Ito run concurrentlyl and four months and three months loss ol remission . He was also awarded on 5 October 1978 14 days cellular confinement on a similar charge The above awards were made by the Board of Visitors . The Commission in the context of the serious disciplinary problems which existed at the Maze prison arising out of the prbtest, do not consider that these penalties, imposed for essentially disciplinary offences, point to the determination of a "criminal charge" for which the safeguards contained in Article 6 ought to have been observed . 102. The applicants have also contended that the various adjudications against them concerned the "determination" of "civil rights" . In this respect they have referred to their rights of family life, correspondence, association and freedom of expression . ' The anolicanl McFeeley was charged wllh assaulling a prison ollicer and anolher prisoner on 15 Seolember 1978 He was lurlher chageo with assauh on olher misoners on 5 October 1978 The applicanl Nugent was Charged wilh assault on a prison ollicer on 29 April 1978 and 25 Seplember 1978 - 95 - 103. The Commission observes that the awards of punishments against the applicants were occasioned by the above-mentioned offences against prison discipline and made after disciplinary adjudications against the applicants . These proceedings accordingly did not involve the determination of "civil rights" as that concept is understood in Article 6 . 104. The Commission concludes that the various disciplinary adjudications do not have to provide the guarantees contained in Article 6 and that this complaint must therefore be rejected as manifestly ill-founded under Article 27.2 of the Convention . On the alleged violation of Article 1 0 105 The applicants complain under this provision that their right to receive information and ideas is being infringed . They allege that they are only allowed to receive and send one letter every month, that they are provided with no reading material and that they have no access to television, radio or newspapers. In addition, they complain of the withdrawal of religious literature . The respondent Government maintain, inter alia, that the reception of information is subject to the limitations necessarily inherent in the fact of imprisonment . Moreover, it is stated that prisoners may use the library and that religious magazines had to be restricted because they were misused . Finally, the Government submit that the applicants are not cut off from the outside world since they are entitled to a monthly visit and a monthly letter . 106. Article 10 states as follows : "1 . Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This Article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises . 2. The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restric- tions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial in- tegrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary . " 107. The applicants have raised their complaint concerning an interference with respect for their correspondence under this provision, as well as under Article 8. However, the Commission considers that Article 8 must b e - 96 - regarded as the lex specialis and thus does not propose to examine it under the present provision . 108. With regard to the remaining complaint that the applicants have been cut off completely from the media, the Commission would first observe that, even though they are subject to a loss of privileges, it is still open to them to make use of the library facilities, either naked or dressed in prison uniform or underwear. As the Commission has previously remarked, the fact that they choose not to wear either the prison uniform or underwear to avail of the library must be regarded as their own responsibility . Moreover, the Commission notes that religious magazines have been removed because of their misuse by certain unidentified prisoners . 109. However, it remains true that the applicants, by virtue of a loss of privi- lege imposed by way of Rule 31 and las regards the privileges of a radio, books, periodicals, newspapers and educational facilities) Rule 201, have been subject to restrictions in their access to the media and thus their freedom to receive "information" and "ideas" . In this sense the Commission considers there has been an interference with their freedom of expression . 110. The Commission has had regard to the fact that the above losses of privileges were imposed by the Governor at regular intervals of fourteen, and subsequently twenty-eight, days for the disciplinary offences of refusal to wear a uniform and to work . It is beyond doubt that the above interference was "prescribed by law", that is, Rules 31 and 201 of the Prison Rules INorthern Ireland) 1954 . Moreover, the Commission considers that the loss of privileges may be regarded as "penalties" imposed by the prison authorities in order to end a protest campaign which was substantially undermining prison order and security . Accordingly, taking into account the extent of the interference, the context in which the "penalties" were awarded and the fact that they were awarded for limited periods, the Commission finds ihat the above interference is justified as being "necessary in a democratic society . . . for the prevention of disorder . . ." within the meaning of paragraph 2 of Article 10 . 111 . The Commission therefore considers that this complaint must also be rejected as manifestly ill-founded under Article 27.2 of the Convention . On the alleged violation of Article 1 1 112. The applicants contend that the complete denial of all opportunity to associate with others, the denial of exercise and the imposition of solitary confinement constitute an unjustifiable infringement of their free_dom of association with others . The Government submit that the right of association relates to the right to form combinations or societies and not a right to enjoy the company o f _97_ others . In the alternative, it is submitted that the applicants do have opportunities to meet and associate with other prisoners . 113 . Article 11.1 reads as follows : "Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to free- dom of association with others, including the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests ." 114 . As the language of Article 11 suggests, thé concept of freedom of asso- ciation, of which the right to form and join trade unions is a special aspect, is concerned with the right to form or be affiliated with a group or organis- ation pursuing particular aims . It does not concern the right of prisoners to share the company of other prisoners or to "associate" with other prisoners in this sense . 115. Consequently the -Commission considers that this complaint must be rejected under Article 27 .2 as incompatible ratione materiae with the provisions of the Conventio n On the alleged violation of Article 1 3 116. The applicants complain under this provision that no effectiv eprocedures existed in Northern Ireland to consider their complain They make the following claims concerning the availability of an effective remedy in this regard . • 1 They submit the opinion of a Oueens Counsellor at the Northern Ireland bar that their circumstances and conditions will not ground a legal remedy . 2 . The Courts are not likely to grant the remedy of certiorari in respect of disciplinary adjudications by a prison Governor (The St Germain Case, op .cit .l 3. The Board of Visitors or the Northern Ireland Office cannot be regarded as effective remedies. Moreover they complain that members of the Board were not prepared to write down their complaints . . 4 . A Government minister could institute an independent enquiry into prison conditions under Section 7 of the Prison Act INorthern Ireland) 1953 . The applicants sought this remedy through their Member of Parliament but an enquiry was refused . 5 . Under Section 19 of the Prison Act (Northern Ireland) 1953 a Justice of the Peace has a statutory right to inspect prisons and receive complaints from prisoners . The applicants claim their letters to the Justices were suppressed 117 . Article 13 states as follows : "Everyone whose rights and .freedoms as set forth in this Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authorit y _9g_ notwithstanding that the violation has been commitled by persons acting in an official capacity . " 118 . The Commission considers that this issue gives rise to difficult questions of law and fact which require further examination in the light of the parties' observations It therefore decides to adjourn consideration of this complaint pending further deliberations . On the alleged violation of Article 14 119. The applicants further complain that they are victims of discrimination in respect of their rights under Articles 3, 8, 9, 10 and 11 of the Convention In particular they allege discriminatory treatment in the following respects : i. discrimination on grounds of conscience and belief in that those convicted after 1 March 1976 are being treated differently from those lal convicted before that date and Ibl convicted after that date for offences committed before it ; ii. discrimination on grounds of sex in that protesting women prisoners at Armagh prison are subject to a lighter disciplinary regime, for the same offences, which allows them to wear their own clothes and deprives them of fewer privileges . The Government reply firstly that the treatment of prisoners in the Maze has a reasonable and objective justification because of their conduct and that irrespective of the beliefs or political opinions of those responsible . All such behaviour would have been met in the same way . Secondly, it is submitted, with reference to the claim of sex discrimination that Article 14 does not impose an obligation for all prisons to be run on the same lines . 120 . Artic% 14 reads as follows : "The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in the Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status . " 121 . The Commission recalls briefly the general principles governing the interpretation of Article 14 as stated by the European Court of Human Rights in the Belgian Linguistic Case (see judgment (merits) of 23 July 1968, pp . 33-34) . Article 14 must be considered in conjunction with one of the rights and freedoms contained in the Convention . However, it is clear that not every difference in trearment in respect of one of the rights and freedoms is forbidden by Article 14 . The Commission, in determining whether a difference in treatment contravenes Article 14 must first consider whether th e - 99 - distinction has an objective and reasonable justification taking into consider- ation the aim and effect of the measure in question, having regard to the principles which normally prevail in democratic societies, and second, whether there is a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aims sought to be realised li6idl . 122 . The applicants in essence complain that the authorities arbitrarily decided to allow .those convicted of offences committed before this date to continue to benefit from special categorystatus and enjoy the various privileges that such status entails. The Commission does not, however, consider that such a difference in treatment can be seen as arbitrary . It recalls that the reasons for the ending of special category status were concerned with restoring disciplinary control by the prison authorities and facilitating rehabilitation work . Loss of control was due to the absence of cellular accommodation and the housing of male prisoners in compounds . As the Gardinaer Report stated : " . ..there are no facilities for organised employment . Each compound is virtually a self-contained community which keeps the premises it occupies to such standard as it finds acceptable and engages, if it so wishes, in military drill or lectures on military subjects . . . . ..the housing of male special category prisoners in compounds means that they are not closely controlled as they would be in a normal cellular prison, discipline within compounds is in practice exercised by com- pound leaders, and they are more likely to emerge with an increased commitment to terrorism than as reformed citizens." Il)p .cit, : paras. 104 and 1061 . 123. It was further recognised by the Gardiner Committee that it would not be possible to begin to phase out special category status until new cellular prison accommodation was available (para. 106 1 . It is clear from the documents submitted by the parties, in particular a statement by the then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (Mr Rees) to the House of Commons concerning the phasing out of special category status, that due to the shortage of appropriate cellular accommodation the abolition of special category status could not apply to all prisoners. Accordingly, it was decided that those sentenced for offences committed after 1 March 1976 would be accommodated in cellular accommodation and would not be able to claim special category status (See Hansard, 4 November 1975) . 124. The Commission therefore considers that the above difference in treatment, insofar as it raises an issue under Article 14'in conjunction with Article 8, finds a reasonable and objective justification in the shortage of suitable cellular accommodation . It also considers that there is a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the goal of phasing out special category status . -100- 125. Insofar as the applicants complain of Article 14 in conjunction with Article 9, the Commission observes that it has already come to the decision that the right to special category status is not amongst the rights guaranteed by the Convention . Consequently the applicants' complaint of discriminatory treatment in this regard is made in conjunction with a right not contained in the Convention, as required by Article 14 . This complaint must be rejected, therefore, under Article 27 .2 as incompatible rarione rnareriae with the provisions of the Convention . 126. The applicants further complain that they are the victims of discriminatory treatment on grounds of sex, in that female p rotesting prisoners in Armagh Prison aresubject to a disciplinary re .qimé which is i n not awardêd periods of "cellular confinement" and that they are entitled to many "privileges" that have been withdrawn from the applicants because of their behaviour, such as the "privilege" of wearing their own clothes . 127. The Commission observes, first of all, that insofar as this complaint concerns Article 14 in conjunction with Article 11 based on the fact that women protesting prisoners have greater opportunities for association, it must be rejected as incompatible rarione materiae for the reasons developed above 128 . Insofar as this complaint is raised under Article 14 in conjunction with Articles 3 and 8, the Commission notes that the disCip.linry regime•applicable to female prisoners in A rmagh is less-severe, .particularlyas.regards the type or•priviléges'withdrawri However, the Commission does not consider that sGch différénce in treatment constitutes discrimination under Article 14 . It considers that national prison authorities enjoy a certain latitude which permits them to take account of the particular context of a prison dispute in formulating their disciplinary response In the present case, with respect to that area of differential treatment that the applicants can complain of under the Convention, the different disciplinary measures find a reasonable and objective justificationmhe cont~St-between-1 e secu rlf~jt y sftuation sobtaining in the Maze and_t Armàgh prisons . In this respect the Commission has attached weight to the following factors : - the scale of the damage to prison order and security posed by the protest in the Maze (which has a prison population of 1,100 (approximately), of whom 350 have been engaged in the protest) compared with the situation in Armagh prison where the protest has involved only thirty-two women prisoners ; - the violent and disruptice behaviour of protesting prisoners in the Maze which finds no counterpart in Armagh prison . 129. Moreover, given these considerations, the Commission does not find the difference in treatment within the two prisons disproportionate to th e - 101 - goals of the prison authorities in restoring order and discipline within the respective prison communities . 130. It follows therefore that the Commission must reject this complaint as partly incompatible ratione mareriae and partly manifestly ill-founded under Article 27 .2 of the Convention . On the alleged violation of Article 1 8 131 . The applicant McFeeley complains separately of a breach of Article 18 . He alleges that his removal from association under Rules 24 of the Prison Rules (Northern Ireland) 1954 was for reasons other than his refusal to wear a prison uniform He maintains that the authorities attempted to break his will and to use him as an experiment with a view to testing the breaking point of other prisoners . 132 . The Government state that he was removed from association o n various occasions, not to break his will, but because he persisted in giving orders to fellow prisoners . Article 18 provides as follows : "The restrictions permitted under this Convention to the said rights and freedoms shall not be applied for any purpose other than those for which they have been prescribed ." 133. The Cômmission notes that the applicant was removed from association by the Governor under Rûle 24 on various occasions during his imprisonment as noted above (see pp 20 8 34) . However, the Commission does not find it established that the authorities tried to break his will and used him for experimental purposes. It accepts that he was removed from association because of his disruptive behaviour and attempts to order other prisoners, and further, that removal to the punishment cell was necessitated by the lack of available accommodation to separate a prisoner from the rest of the prison community . 134 . It follows, therefore, that this complaint must also berejected as manifestly ill-founded under Article 27.2 of the Convention . 135. For these reasons, the Commission 1 . ADJOURNS, for further deliberation, the applicants' complaints under Article 8 insofar as they concern alleged restrictions on their right to respect for correspondence and their complaints under Article 13 of theConventiôn . 2. Declares INADMISSIBLE the applicants' remaining complaints . - 102- (TRADUCTION ) EN FAIT Les farts de la cause, dont certains sont contestés entre les parties, peuvent se résumer comme sui t Les requérants sont lous des détenus condamnés poui des infractions a de type terroriste n, à teneur du droit d'Irlande du Nord, telles qu'elles sont définies dans la loi de 197 8 sur l'état d'urgence en Irlande du Nord INonhern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act) et en vertu des procédures particuliéres prévues par celle-ci. Ils purgent tous leur peine à la prison de Maze, Irlande du Nord . Les requérants sont : Thomas McFeeley, condamné le 4 février 1977 pour tentative de lésions corporelles, détention d'arme à leu dans l'intention de mettre la vie en danger, utilisation d'une arme à feu dans l'intention d'empécher son arresta- tion, détention d'arme à leu dans des circonstances suspectes, et pour deux vols . II s'est vu infliger des peines représentant 26 ans d'emprisonnement au total . En 1974 le requérant s'était évadé avec d'autres de la prison de Portlaoise, près de Dublin, au moyen d'explosif s Kieran Nugent, condamné le 14 septembre 1976 pour détournement d'un véhicule à trois ans de prison' . John Hunter, condamné le 27 seprembre 1977 à cinq ans de prison pour deux infractions de détention d'explosifs . William Campbell, condamné le 16 juin 1977 pour détention d'arme à feu et de munitions dans l'intention de mettre la vie en danger et de détention d'armes à feu et de munitions dans des circonstances suspectes II a été condamné à douze ans de prison . Ils sont représenlés par M . Francis Keenan, solicitor à Belfast, et par le Professeur Kevin Boyle, University College, Galway, qui ont produit une procuration à cet eflet . Statut spécial de détentio n En juin 1972, confronté à une gréve de la farm à laquelle participaient un certain nombre de détenus, le Gouvernement d'alors a mis en place un a statut spécial n pour les détenus impliqués dans des organisations para- militaires. En raison du grand nombre de détenus concernés et de l'insuffi- sance de quartiers cellulaires normaux, les détenus de la catégorie spéciale Le ~equAram Nupent a Ai0 Biaigi ie 11 rnai 1979 . - 103 - furent placés dans des bâtiments provisoires . Ils n'étaient pas tenus de travailler, pouvaient porter leurs propres vêtements et jouissaient de priviléges supplémentaires, y compris d'un plus grand nombre de visites et de colis de nourriture . Le nombre des détenus de catégorie spéciale était passé de 688, à la fin de 1973, à 1 065, à la fin de 1974, et ils étaient logés dans des bâtiments provisoires à Maze, à Magilligan et à Belfast. En novembre 1975, le Secrétaire d'Etata fait part de l'intention du Gouvernement d'éliminer progressivement le « statut spécial n. Cette déclara- tion faisait suite à une recommandation du rapport de la Commission Gardiner' où il était souligné que les prisons de type provisoire entraPnent une perte totale du contrôle disciplinaire de la part des autorités pénitentiaires à l'intérieur des bâtiments et rendent impossible tout travail de réadaptation . Le processus d'élimination de ce statut commença le 1er mars 1976 ; aucun détenu condamné pour une infraction commise é cette date ou ulté- rieurement n'a bénéficié du traitement de catégorie spéciale, quelle que ftit la nature de l'infraction commise " En même temps que cette décision entrait en vigueur, le Gouvernement introduisit de nouvelles dispositions relatives à l'obtention d'une remise de peine pour tous les détenus condamnés : ces dispositions figurent dans l'Ordonnance de 1976 sur le traitement des délinquants en Irlande du Nord ITreatment of Offenders (Northern Ireland) Order 1976) . La remise de peine maximale peut désormais atteindre la moitié de la peine totale prononcée, alors que précédemment elle n'était que d'un tiers . Comme les requérants ont tous été condamnés pour des infractions visées par ces dispositions et commises aprés le 1 - mars 1976, ils ont à purger leurs peines suivant le régime applicable aux détenus ordinaires. Pour des motifs de conscience, ils refusent de se conformer à l'exigence initiale du port des sous-vétements et chaussures pénitentiaires d'ordonnance . Leurs propres vétemenis leur ayant été contisqués, ils sont restés nus et sans chaussures tout au long de leur détention . Ils ont refusé d'effectuer le travail pénitentiaire, également pour des raisons de conscience .Ils déclarent qu'au cours de 1977 et 1978 leur situation s'est aggravée sur deux points depuis qu'ils ont été condamnés et qu'ils refusent de porter l'uniforme pénitentiaire et d'effectuer du travail . Pour se rendre aux lavabos ou aux toilettes, ils étaient autorisés à quitter leur cellule enveloppés d'une couverture . Toutefois, par la suite il leu r 'Rapport d'une commission chargée d'envisager, au regard des libenés crviles et des droits de l'homme . des mesures oropres B lutter conire le terrorisme en Irlande du Nord ICmnd . 5847 ) A la fin de révrier 1976 on comptait plus de 1 500 détenus de catégorle spéciale . Au 10 décem- bre 1978 ce nombre étalt tombé A 617, orlncipalement en ralson de l'élargissement de détenus qu1 avaient fini de ourger leur peine . -104- a été interdit de sortir la couverture de leur cellule . Ils utilisent donc une serviette dont ils ceignent leurs corps pour aller aux toilettes et aux lavabos . Or aucune autre serviette ne leur est fournie pour se laver et se raser . Pour utiliser la serviette aprés d'étre lavés, les requérants doivent donc nécessai- rement rester nus ; ce qu'ils considérent comme dégradant et non hygié- nique . Ils ont demandé une serviette suppléméntaire comme on en fournit aux autres détenus mais elle leur a été refusée . En guise de protestation, ils commencèrent par refuser de se raser . Puis ils refusérent de se laver ou de quitter leur cellule à cette fin . En second lieu, ils déclarent que vers février 1978, ils ont refusé de quitter leur cellule pour se rendre aux toilettes au cours de la journée et ont utilisé à la place le pot de chambre pour usage nocturne . Ce comportement était motivé par un contrôle excessif lorsqu'ils utilisaient les toilettes, où on les aurait fouillés, ce qui signifie notamment qu'on leur sondait les orifices, et on les aurait observés par dessus la porte alors qu'ils utilisaient les toilettes Dans le cadre de cette action, ils refusent aussi de vider chaque matin leurs pots de chambre aprés les avoir utilisés ; d'aprés eux, les gardiens les vidaient dans la cellule ce qui entra(nait un inconfort grave et des risques pour la santé. Ce comportement allégué des gardiens les a confirmés dans leur attitude de protestation et les requérants refusent aujourd'hui en toutes circonstances d'aller aux toilettes en dehors de leurs cellules, à moins de recevoir des vêtements . Ils leur faut donc utiliser jour et nuit dans leurs cellules les pots de chambre que les autorités, disent-ils, ne vident pas . Ils allèguent en outre qu'en avril 1978, des gardiens ont dirigé un tuyan d'arro- sage dans leurs cellules, parfois pendant le sommeil des détenus, les laissant choqués et bouleversés et laissant trempés les cellules, les matelas et eux- mémes . Allégations concernant le traitement et les conditions de détentio n Les requérants se plaignent d'être soumis au traitement et conditions de détention suivants par suite de leurs protestation s Discipline Après leur refus de porter l'uniforme de la prison et d'effectuer le travail pénitentiaire, les requérants ont été accusés dès le début et régulièrement d'infraction à l'article 30, paragraphe 1, du Réglement pénitentiaire pour l'Irlande du Nord de 1954 (Prison Rules INorthern Irelandl 19541, aux termes duquel : « Un détenu qui se rend coupable de tout acte ou omission allant à l'encontre de la sécurité ou du bon ordre de la prison commet une infraction à la discipline et une fois celle-ci rapportée au directeur, il fera l'objel des mesures prévues dans le présent paragraphe et dans les autres dispositions du Réglement . n - 105 - Les requérants prétendent que, par décision du directeur et depuis le début de leur peine, ils ont subi les sanctions suivante s 14 jours de perte de remise de peine 14 jours de perte de salaire 3 jours de réclusion cellulaire 14 jours de privation de vêtements de loisir s 14 jours de perte de priviléges, y compris les visites, les lettres et les visites au « foyer des détenus » . A la fin de chaque période de 14 jours, les mêmes sanctions sont prononcées sans variantes pour une nouvelle période de 14 jours . Les requé- rants se plaignent donc d'étre constamment sous sanction . Depuis le 19 octobre 1978 les décisions sont rendues à des intervalles de 28 jours et la perte de remise de peine et de priviléges est prononcée pour 28 jours , la réclusion cellulaire a cessé . , Le Gouvernement déclare que les requérants se refusent de maniére permanente à participer à la procédure et aucun ne saisit jamais l'occasion de se défendre contre les accusations portées contre lui . Les requérants Nugent et McFeeley frappent réguliérement avec leurs tasses en plastique et leurs . pots de chambre pour déranger la séance . 2. Logement Les requérants prétendent être enfermés dans leurs cellules en perma- nence. Les seuls moments où ils sont hors de leurs cellules sont une période de trente minutes pour le service religieux du dimanche, pour une visite ou lorsqu'ils sont placés en cellule disciplinaire Avant février 1978 ils sortaient de leurs cellules pour aller aux toilettes ou prendre leur douche hebdomadaire . Chaque requérant partage une cellule avec un autre détenu . La cellule mesure 3 .70 x 2,50 x 3,10 m et était destinée à un seul détenu . Les cellules ne contiennent aucun meuble à part deux matelas et des couvertures . Les meubles en ont été enlevés à titre de peine collective, parce que plusieurs détenus Iparmi lesquels ne figurait aucun des requérantsl auraient endom- magé les leurs . Pendant les trois jours de réclusion cellulaire par période de 14 jours de punition, les matelas sont eux aussi enlevés de la cellule qui, à part ses deux occupants, est entièrement vide . Les réquérants prétendent en outre que les fenétres des cellules n'ont pas « par leurs dimensions, emplacement et construction, une apparence aussi normale .que possible », comme l'exige la régle 10 des RQg/es minima . Tous se plaignent que ces fenêtres aient un effet de désorientaiion. Plusieurs des requérants se plaignent aussi que la lumiére électrique de leurs cellules soit parfois continuellement allumée, et souvent pour plus de 24 heures d'affilée . _106_ Tous les requérants se plaignent que leurs matelas sont humides parce qu'ils sont en contact avec le sol de la cellule. De plus, depuis les incidents marqués par l'utilisation d'un tuyau d'arrosage, les couvertures, matelas et cellules sont mouillés . de sorte que les conditions sanitaires sont extrême- ment mauvaises Ces conditions, auxquelles s'ajoutent les excréments et l'urine de même que des restes de nourriture dans la cellule, font courir de graves dangers pour la santé . Les autorités utilisent dans les cellules des requérants un désinfectant puissant et dilué qui a entrainé de graves réactions, notamment des difficultés de respiration, des irritations de la poitrine et de la gorge, un larmoiement des yeux et parfois des saignements de nez et des vomissements . En outre, le fait que les requérants doivent utiliser un pot de chambre en présence de leur compagnon de cellule est dégradant et attente à leur dignité . Le Gouvernement déclare que lorsqu'il sont privés de priviléges pour infraction au règlement pénitentiaire, les détenus ne sont pas autorisés à se réunir librement avec d'autres . Ils sont autorisés à quitter leurs cellules pour se rendre auprés de l'assistant social ou de l'infirmier, pour recevoir la visite d'hommes de loi, pour assister aux services religieux, comparaitre devant le directeur, recevoir une visite pas mois, prendre une heure d'exercice en plein air chaque jour, aller aux toilettes, prendre une douche deux fois par semaine, aller à la bibliothéque et aller chercher leurs repas au réfectoire . Pour la plupart de ces activités les détenus peuvent porter les vétements ou sous-vètements de la prison ou rester nus . Ils doivent porter ne serait-ce qu'un caleçon pour voir l'assistant social ou recevoir la visite d'un homme de loi. Toutefois les détenus contestataires refusent de quitter leurs cellules, sauf pour recevoir des visites ou assister à des services religieux et refusent de se prévaloir des possibilités qu'ils ont de se réunir avec d'autres . Depuis .mars 1978 ils refusent de quitter leurs cellules méme pour utiliser les installa- tions communes telles que le réfectoire, les toilettes ou les lavabos, ou pour prendre de l'exercice . Le Gouvernement conteste que les meubles aient été retirés des cellules à titre de peine collective. En avril 1978 les meubles ont dû être enlevés du bloc H 5 où les requérants étaient logés parce que les détenus en mésusaient . Ils s'en servaient pour frapper sur la porte des cellules pendant qu'on statuait sur les accusations disciplinaires . Lors d'un incident particulier, les prisonniers ont crié au reste du pavillon qu'on enlevait les meubles . En quelques minutes le reste des meubles a été détruit ; tables, placards à côté des lits, étagéres et dans certains cas les chaises ont été réduit en piéces et jetés par les fenètres. Finalement les lits qui avaient été démantelés par les détenus ont dù être enlevés parce qu'ils représentaient un risque pour le personnel péni- tentiaire . La remise en place des meubles dans les cellules n'est pas liée au port de l'uniforme pénitentiaire ou à l'acceptation d'effectuer du travail . Il a été demandé à deux reprises à tous les détenus contestataires s'ils voulaien t - 107 - s'engager à ne pas endommager les meubles de leurs cellules, de façon à pouvoir les remplacer . Tous se sont refusés à prendre pareil engagement . Durant les périodes de réclusion cellulaire, les matelas n'ont été enlevés des cellules que pendant le jour mais jamais pendant la nuit . Le chauffage central est prévu pour maintenir la température dans les cellules et les locaux communs à 65° F, au moins . Toutefois les détenus ont biisé tôuies les fenétres des blocs H 3, 4 et 5 . A l'origine les détenus ont brisé les vitres ; celles-ci ont été remplacées par du contre-plaqué et du plexiglas . Toutefois le 12 novembre 1978 les détenus du bloc H 5 ont réussi à brûler les feuilles de plexiglas et à les jeter dehors à coups de pied . D'autres protections contre les intempéries consistant en feuilles de plastique ondulées ont été installées à l'extérieur de certains pavillons . Chaque détenu a été informé que sa fenêtre serait remplacée s'il s'engageait à ne pas la briser . Les requérants refusent de prendre cet engagement . Toutes les fenêtres sont dotées de verre poli avec imposte et le déten u peut les ouvrir Elles permettent qu'une lumière suffisante pénétre dans la cellule ; elles permettent aussi de voir le ciel et d'autres bétiments . La clôture en fil de fer qui se trouve à 5,4 mètres des cellules donnant sur l'extérieur a été placée par mesure de sécurité . Elle n'est pas conçue pour avoir un effet de désorientation . Selon le Gouvernement, la lumiére n'est jamais allumée continuelle- ment . L'éclairage principal peut être éteint de l'intérieur de la cellule . Une faible lumiére peut être allumée de l'extérieur pour des contrBles de sécurité mais n'est jamais laissée en permanence . L'humidité des matelas est entiérement imputable aux détenus contes- tataires. Néanmoins, tout matelas humide est immédiatement changé et les matelas ne sont pas mis dans les cellules qui ont été nettoyées avant qu'elles ne soient séches. Aucun détenu n'a jamais été aspergé avec un tuyau d'arro- sage alors qu'il se trouvait dans sa cellule . Le désinfectant employé pour nettoyer les cellules est utilisé conformé- ment au mode d'emploi . Un membre de la commission des visiteurs des prisons (Board of Visitors) a examiné une plainte du requérant Nugent sur l'utilisation du désinfectant et l'a trouvée mensongère . Les cellules nettoyées sont aérées et séchées avant d'être occupées à nouveau . Les requérants déclarent qu'un petit nombre de détenus ont effective- ment endommagé des meubles mais ils nient que ceux-ci aient été détruits . Ils maintiennent que les meubles ont été supprimés de toutes les cellules de tous les pavillons à titre de punition collective . Le requérant McFeeley, qui se trouvait dans le pavillon « A n en avril 1979, déclare que les meubles et les lits n'ont pas été endommagés dans ce pavillon et qu'ils ont cependant été retirés de toutes les cellules . - 108 - Les requérants affirment qu'à compter d'avril 1979 ils se sont vu refuser lits et meubles pendant douze mois . Ils précisent que dans un communiqué de presse de l'Office d'Irlande du Nord daté du 1•, août 1978, le Gouverne- ment a déclaré que la restitution des meubles et lits aurait lieu à la condition que les détenus se conforment au réglement pénitentiaire, c'est-à-dire portent l'uniforme et se soumettent au travail . A cet égard, le requérant Campbell indique que la commission des visiteurs lui a dit le 14 juin 1978 que s'il se conformait au réglement et portait l'uniforme, les meubles seraient replacés dans sa cellule . Le requérant McFeeley prétend que le directeur de la prison lui a dit la méme chose . Les requérants alléguent que la privation de meubles est utilisée comme un moyen de pression sur les détenus récalcitrants . Ils soulignent que depuis avril 1978 tous les détenus nouvellement condamnés qui refusent de porter l'uniforme de la prison sont logés dans des cellules sans meubles dés le jour de leur arrivée à la prison . En pâreil cas il est impossible de prétendre qu'ils sont privés de meubles parce qu'ils les ont brisés, puisqu'ils n'étaient pas condamnés en avril 1978, date à laquelle ces faits se seraient produits . Enfin, selon les requérants, il ne leur a été demandé qu'une fois s'ils étaient prêts à s'engager à ne pas endommager le mobilier . Ils ne se sont pas refusés à prendre cet engagement, contrairement à ce que prétend le Gou- vernement, mais ont demandé une nuit de réflexion . La question ne leur a plus été posée et les meubles n'ont pas été replacés . Les requérants maintiennent leurs allégations concernant l'arrosage de leurs cellules . Ils se référent au compte rendu que M . Maguire, député, a fait de sa visite du 19 mai 1978, où il parle de l'humidité des cellules qui avaient été arrosées alors que les occupants étaient à la messe . Le requérant Hunter se plaint qu'au maiin du 29 avril 1978 sa cellule ait été arrosée pendant cinq minutes environ alors qu'il s'y trouvait . II a eu l'impression que les respon- sables avaient bu . Le matelas et la literie s'en sont trouvés trempés . Les requérants reviennent à la conclusion d'un membre de la commis- sion des visiteurs selon laquelle la plainte concernant le désinfectant était « mensongére D . Si par mensongére on veut dire qu'aucun désinfectant n'a été utilisé, c'est en contradiction manifeste avec l'aveu qu'un tel désinfectant a bien été utilisé. Guant à la question de savoir si Nugent s'est ressenti, comme il le prétend, de l'usage du désinfectant, la réponse que cela est mensonger parait extraordinaire . Le membre de la commission des visiteurs des prisons ne se trouvait pas lé lorsqu'il a fait cette expérience et n'a pas demandé un examen médical de Nugent . Les requérants ont demandé que la Commission fasse produire le compte rendu des conclusions ainsi que le désinfectant utilisé . Chacun des quatre requérants se plaint dans ses déclara- tions des eflets que le désinfeciam a eus sur lui à différentes reprises Ce désinfectant était vaporisé dans les cellules par le guichet et envahissait toute - 109 - la pièce. Le requérant Campbell dit avoir dû se mettre à la fenêtre pour respirer de l'air frais ; ses yeux et ses oreilles coulaient Le requérant Nugent, pour sa part, aurait des difficultés à respirer . Chez le requérant McFeeley le désinfectant aurait provoqué un malaise et des vomissements . 3. HygiAne personnelle Comme les détenus n'utilisent pas les lavabos, ils sont sales, non rasés et courent en permanencè le risque de contracter une maladie . En général ils déclarent que leurs cellules sont immondes . Pour ce qui est des conditions d'hygiéne, les requérants précisent que depuis le début de leur détention, ils n'ont pas une attribution suffisante de dentifrice et ils prétendent qu'B titre de punition ils ne reçoivent pas suffisamment de serviettes . D'autres détenus, prétendent-ils, ont un drap de bain et un essuie-main . Eux-mêmes se plaignent de n'avoir qu'une serviette, ainsi qu'un approvisionnement quoti- dien insuffisant en papier de toilette . De plus, entre septembre 1976 et mai 1977, ils se seraient vu refuser le droit d'utiliser les toilettes dans le pavillon où ils se trouvaient, lorsqu'ils le demandaient pendant la journée Tout au long de cette période, les requérants Nugent et McFeeley auraient dû utiliser le pot de la cellule de jour comme de nuit . Le requérant McFeeley déclare qu'un jour de mai 1977, le Dr . D., membre de la commission des visiteurs ,s'est aperçu que les requérants et d'autres détenus n'étaient pas autorisés à aller aux toilettes lorsqu'ils le demandaient pendant la journée et en a fait la remarque à un gardien ; par la suite, ils ont pu aller aux toilettes sur demande. Le Dr D a lui-même confirmé ce point . Le Gouvernement répond que c'est à eux-mêmes que les requérants doivent imputer les risques pouvant résulter pour leur santé des, actions délibérées des contestataires visant à détruire les conditions d'hygiéne L'administration pénitentiaire a fait tout ce qu'elle pouvait pour préserver la santé de la collectivité comme celle de chaque détenu. Ceux-ci sont démé- nagés des cellules souillées toutes les trois semaines . Les cellules sont alors nettoyées, à l'aide de tuyaux industriels à la vapeur et au moyen d'un liquide désinfectant . Si nécessaire les cellules sont repeintes. Les requérants reçoivent à chaque repas de nouveaux couverts qui sont ensuite repris et stérilisés. Les façades extérieures souillées par des excréments jetés par les fenêtres sont nettoyées chaque jour Une poudre désinfectante est utilisée aprés le nettoyage : Un médecin examine réglementairement chaque requérant toutes le s semaines. La Direction des prisons pour, l'Irlande du Nord reçoit des comptes rendus sur la visite médicale et des rapports fréquents de médecins sur l'état sanitaire de chaque bloc . Les détenus. continuent à disposer de services médicaux normaux . Le droit d'utiliser les toilettes n'a jamais été retiré à aucun moment d e la campagne de protestation et les 'toilettes peuvent êtré utilisées su r - 110 - demande sauf la nuit . Sur ce point, la commission des visiteurs a examiné les récits du Dr . D . et a conclu qu'ils étaient inexacts . Vêtements et literie Les requérants déclarent être nus el n'avoir ni vètements ni chaussures . Les seuls objets dont ils disposent sont une couverture et une serviette Celles-ci sont changées à des intervalles irréguliers et toujours bien après qu'elles sont devenues sales et ont besoin d'ètre lavées . L'usage d'une cou- verture ou d'une serviette leur serait même parfois complétement refusé . Ainsi, alors qu'il se trouvait en cellule disciplinaire, le requérant Campbell n'aurait pas été autorisé à se ceindre de sa serviette pour se rendre aux toilettes . De plus, lorsqu'il s'est présenté au directeur pour entendre une décision, il aurait été contraint de rester nu sans serviette ni couverture Les requérants prétendent aussi qu'é compter de novembre 1976 ils n'ont plus été autorisés à sortir leur couverture de leur cellule . Selon eux, cette décision est la plus importante preuve de la dégradation de la situation entre détenus et personnel à Maz e Le Gouvernement répond que les détenus contestataires urinaient et déféquaient dans les pièces de vétements pénitentiaires qui étaient laissées dans leurs cellules . Les vétements pénitentiaires ne sont donc plus conservés dans les cellules mais un ensemble propre est réservé à chaque détenu dans son pavillon et il peut se le procurer quand il veut le porter . Tous les détenus reçoivent une serviette Ichangée chaque semaine), des draps, des laies d'oreillers et trois couvertures Ichangées chaque mois) . Tous les contesta- taires, y compris les requérants ont détérioré ou dévuit les draps et les taies d'oreillers. de sorte que ceux-ci ne sont plus utilisés . Le Gouvernement reconnaît qu'en novembre 1976 des instructions ont été données pour que les couvertures ne soient plus sorties des cellules . A cette date il était évident que les détenus contestataires utilisaient les cou- vertures en guise de vètements et l'on pensait que, vu les circonstances de la protestation, autoriser les détenus à porter des couvertures au lieu de l'uni- forme pénitentiaire aurait compromis le bon ordre de l'établissement . Le Gouvernement admet aussi que lorsque les détenus sont envoyés au quarlier disciplinaire, ils ne sont autorisés à porter des serviettes ni pour aller aux toilettes, ni pour se présenter devant le directeur pour entendre rendre une décision . Cette régle n'est toutefois pas appliquées dans le quartier des détenus . Les vêtements comme les sous-vètements de la prison restent disponibles à tous moments . 5. Nourriture Les requérants se plaignent que la nourriture est froide et ils prétendent que ceci résulte d'un propos délibéré pour les punir de refuser de porter l'uniforme. Leurs cellules étant dépourvues de meubles, ils sont, disent-ils, contraints de manger leur nourriture sur le sol . En outre ils se plaignent du manque de sel, de poivre, de sauces et de condiments . Ils prétendent aussi recevoir trop peu de lait et d'avoir trop peu d'eau à disposition dans leur cellule. Le requérant McFeeley allégue que le récipient à eau dont il dispose dans la cellule lui a été retourné taché d'excréments et ne possède pas de couvercle préservant la propreté de l'eau . Les requérants se plaignent aussi des opérations de « vidage » des seaux, qui coïncident avec la distribution de la nourriture . C'est ainsi que le requérant Nugent déclare : « Une fois que je suis levé, les gardiens viennent prés de la porte avec les hommes de corvée (détenus loyalistes) pour emporter nos déchets . Ils apportent avec eux un grand baquet sans couvercle qui est mis dans la cellule (et non à l'extérieur ; ils ne le veulent pas) . Je dois alors verser le contenu de mon pot de chambre dans le baquet ; comme ça se passe dans la cellule, le sol et la literie risquent d'en étre écla- boussés . Ce baquet est vidé au bout de cinq ou six cellules, de sorte que l'odeur qui se répand dans la cellule lorsqu'on vide les pots de chambre est désagréable. Aucun désinfectant n'est employé à ce moment-19 et rien ne permet de rincer le pot de chambre, desorte que l'odeur est plutôt mauvaise . Le petit déjeuner arrive avant que le vidage soit terminé et comme les gardiens ne l'interrompent pas, notre nourri- ture se trouve dans notre pavillon en même temps que le baquet de déchets va et vient Les hommes de corvée sont bien protégés pour ce travail : il portent un long tablier qui va du cou aux chevilles, des gants de chirurgien et des masques . n Les requérants ajoutent que comme il n'y a pas de meubles dans leurs cellules ils sont contraints de manger sur le sol au moment des repas . De plus, l'assiette est si petite que le pain qui accompagne le repas doit être posé par terre. - De son c6té, le Gouvernement affirme que la nourriture est apportée dans les blocs dans des récipients fermés . On prépare alors pour les détenus des rations, qui sont apportées dans les cellules, ce qui est nécessaires puisque les détenus contestataires refusent de se rendre au réfectoire . Tous les détenus contestataires reçoivent deux litres d'eau à la fois et celle-ci est changée deux fois par jou r Il est inexact que la nourriture soit servie froide délibérément ou que le récipient d'eau du requérant McFeeley ait été délibérément souillé . Mais les couvercles qui étaient détournés de leur usage normal, ont été supprimés . Le Gouvernement admet que les détenus doivent prendre leurs repas par terre, puisque, en raison de leur comportement, les meubles ont dû être retirés des cellules . Toutefois la nourriture est distribuée sur des assiette s - 112 - assez grandes pour la contenir ly compris le painl . Enfin, il affirme que les opérations de vidage de pots et de distribution de la nourriture sont toujours totalement séparées . Services médicaux Les requérants déclarent qu'ils doivent porter l'uniforme pour certaines activités de caractère médical, alors que pour d'autres un détenu a la faculté de se présenter nu . Ainsi, lorsque les requérants désirent voir un spécialiste de l'extérieur ou un médecin recevant en dehors du bloc, ils sont tenus de porter l'uniforme complet pour pouvoir bénéficier de la visite . De mème s'ils souhaitent se rendre à l'infirmerie en dehors du bloc, ils doivent porter tout l'uniforme. Le requérant Campbell, qui se plaignait de l'estomac et des jambes, a porté l'uniforme complet à cinq reprises pour traitement médical . Pour la visite médicale du matin les requérants peuvent choisir de porter l'uniforme ou d'y aller nus . Selon eux, le déroulement de la visite médicale est le suivant : Le détenu demande à voir le médecin tôt le matin et, lorsque celui-ci se trouve dans la salle de contrôle médical, le détenu s'y rend et attend son tour de consultation . Les détenus ne sont pas autorisés à étre vus par un médecin dans leur cellule et tous les requérants affirment qu'é plusieurs reprises pareil examen sur place leur a été refusé Conformé- ment à l'article 35, paragraphe 1, du Règlement pénitentiaire, le médecin doit déclarer le détenu apte à subir la réclusion en cellule de discipline, et, selon l'article 68, paragraphe 3, un médecin doit voir chaque jour les détenus punis. Les requérants prétendent cependant que l'examen médical qu'ils ont subi en pareille circonstance était très sommaire et qu'un médecin et méme parfois un gardien se contentait de leur demander s'ils avaient « à se plaindre au médecin » . Mais le médecin n'examinait pas le détenu et ne lui demandait pas de se soumettre à un examen . De plus, les requérants Nugent et McFeeley déclarent que jusqu'en juillet 1977 ils n'ont pas été visités chaque jour par un médecin, comme l'exige l'article 68, paragraphe 3, lorsqu'ils se trouvaient en cellule disciplinaire En revanche, dès août 1978, le Dr. E . vient réguliérement dans les cellules avant que les requérants ne soient placés en punition et demande à chacun de se présenter à un examen médical . Les requérants déclarent n'avoir pas donné suite à cette invitation parce qu'é ce moment ils avaient perdu confiance dans les services médicaux de la prison . Selon eux, ils est possible de se faire une idée du niveau de la surveillance médicale si l'on songe que l'accès aux toilettes leur était refusé pendant la journée jusqu'à ce que le Dr . D. s'en aperçoive par hasard en mai 1977 . Abstraction faite de ce qui précéde et de leurs rares demandes de soins médicaux, les requérants affirment qu'ils n'ont jamais été l'objet d'un examen médical convenable à l'initiative des autorités pénitentiaire s - 113 - Le requérant Campbell se plaint que sa vue se soit dégradée et que bien qu'il ait demandé à plusieurs reprises des lunettes qui lui conviennent, celles-ci ne lui ont pas été fournies. Le requérant McFeeley se plaint qu'en mars 1978, après avoir séjourné à l'infirmerie et avoir perdu 13 kilos, il a été reconnu par le médecin apte à subir une nouvelle période de réclusion disci- plinaire . Il se plaint aussi qu'un médecin, qui a examiné l'enflure de ses jambes après une autre période de réclusion disciplinaire, l'ait trouvée normale . Il prétend qu'en mai 1978 le médecin de la prison a refusé de l'examiner dans sa cellule à moins qu'il ne revéte l'uniforme de la prison . Il avait alors déjé fait quinze mois de réclusion continue et par suite de l'emploi d'un désin- fectant dans la cellule, ses yeux étaient irrités et douloureux, il était pris de vomissements et toussait Tous les requérants se plaignent que s'ils veulent voir le médecin, ils ont à se lever et à'se tenir debout à la porte de leur cellule à 7 h 30 pour le demander . S'ils désirent des soins médicaux à tout autre moment de la journée, ils ne peuvent les obtenir . Les requérants aflirment s'étre vu refuser une demande lormulée par écrit, de pouvoir consulter un psychiatre de leur choix . A aucun moment de leur réclusion disciplinaire ils n'auraient été examinés par un psychiatre du service pénitentiaire . Ils relévent que le droit d'ètre examinés par un médecin de son choix est un droit reconnu aùx malades internés en établissemen( psychiatrique . Le Gouvernement répond que la santé de chaque détenu reléve de la responsabilité du médecin-chef . . , Des médecins dOment qualifiés sont toujours disponibles à la prison de Maze et, en cas de besoin, les détenus peuvent consulter des spécialistes de l'extérieur . Tout détenu peut recevoir des soins médicaux dans son bloc, qu'il revète l'uniforme ou les sous-vêtements de la prison ou qu'il soit nu . Toute- fois,pour consulter des spécialistes de l'extérieur, un détenu doit porter les vêtements de la prison, parce qu'il peut être emmené dans des lieux o0 il pourrait ètre vu du public • En général, on demande au détenu avant8 heures du matin s'il ade s requétes A- formuler, ce qui lui permet de demander à voir le directeur adjoint, le médecin, l'assistant social ou l'aum6nier . Un détenu contestataire peut recevoir des soins médicaux à d'autresmoments en demandant à voir le responsable de l'infirmerie du bloc, lequel appellera un médecin s'il le juge nécessaire . . . . . , . - . Lorsqu'il a été mis en réclusion,disciplinaire le 13 mars 1978, le requé- rant McFeeley a déclaréqu'il faisait unegréve de la faim et de la soif . Lorsqu'un médecin l'a examiné, il l'a insulté Le 21 avril il a démandé un examen médical, le médecin a refusé de l'examiner dans sa cellule pour des raisons d'hygiéne et l'aengagé à venir à la saÎle d'examérimédical . Bien qu'il n'ait pas étéobligé pour cela de porter l'uniforme de la prison, il a refusé. Le 26 mai il s'est effectivement présenté à la salle d'examen . - 114 - Le requérant Campbell a aussi demandé à plusieurs reprises à voir un oculiste . Aprés sa premiére demande, il a pu en consulter un et a été pourvu de lunettes avec la monture de son choix, qui coûtaient 16 livres . Le Gou- vernement exprime ses regrets que, par suite d'une erreur administrative, il n'ait pas été donné suite rapidement aux demandes ultérieures . En fait, le requérant a été autorisé en temps voulu à revoir l'oculiste mais lorsque celui-ci est arrivé, il a refusé d'attendre que le requérant ait fini de prendre une douche. A une autre occasion, l'oculiste a refusé de voir le requérant parce que celui-ci ne voulait pas se laver. Le 7 décembre 1978 il a été demandé au requérant s'il souhaitait voir l'oculiste à sa prochaine visite et il a répondu par la négative . 7. Toilettes Les requérants évoquent les questions relatives aux toilettes, en parti- culier au « vidage des pots » et à la surveillance dans les blocs sanitaires . Pour le « vidage v, ils vident leurs pots de chambre le matin aux toilettes du pavillon de la prison où ils se trouvent et cela fut exigé des requérants comme de tous les autres détenus à certaines époques de leur détention . Toutefois dans leur cas, cet usage leur était imposé tant pour le jour que pour la nuit et ils soulignent qu'utiliser un pot de chambre dans leurs cellules est dégradant, parce que cela doit se faire en présence de l'autre occupant . De septembre 1976 à mai 1977 ils n'ont pas été autorisés à utiliser les toilettes pendant la journée mais devaient utiliser le pot de chambre de leurs cellules. Ils alléguent en outre que les gardiens les observaient lorsqu'ils utili- saient effectivement les toilettes et les sommaient de se dépécher . En outre, ils étaient réguliérement fouillés quand ils allaient aux toilettes et en reve- naient. Enfin, ils précisent que, s'agissant de leurs besoins, leur intimité a été autant et si longtemps violée que le comportement constaté après mars 1978 leur parait moins exceptionnel qu'il ne le paraîtrait à d'autres qui n'avaient pas l'expérience de cette situation . Le Gouvernement affirme que tous les détenus ont le droit d'utiliser les toilettes pendant la journée et qu'il n'est jamais arrivé que des détenus soient obligés d'utiliser leurs pots de chambre pendant la journée, comme ils doivent le faire la nuit . Il est normal de placer un gardien en faction puisque c'est un endroit où de l'agitation peut facilement se produire . L'administration pénitentiaire sait aussi d'expérience que des détenus peuvent se rebeller tôt le matin A l'époque où les requérants utilisaient les toilettes, c'était par deux à la fois et accompagnés d'un gardien . Les gardiens sont en nombre limité et ne peuvent pas être plus de trois par pavillon ; un contrôle serré des toilettes et des lavabos est donc impossible mais il n'est pas habituel qu'un détenu soit fouillé lorsqu'il va aux toilettes ou en revient . De plus les règles imposées aux gardiens leur interdisent d'humilier délibérément les détenus . - 115 - B . Fouille ' - ' - ' Les requérants expliquent qu'il existe deux types de fouille :prerniére- meni la fouille superficielle ou « palpation nfaite sans enlever les vétements ; deuxiémemènt la fouille approfondie du corps'ou déshabillage . La fouille a lieu le plus fréquemment lorsque lesdétenus sont changés depavilloriet lors des visites . La méthode de fouille utilisée par les gardiens est appelées par les requérants « la fouilleau miroir n . Les gardiens, expliquent-ils, âppuient avec leurs boites sûr les mollets jusqu'à de que le' détenu se . penche et tombe à genou Lës gardiensapprôchent alors un miroir aussi. près que possible de l'anus et ûtilisent parfois une lampe électrique pour examinér lepassage postérieur dans cette position . Les représentants des requéran(s précisent que lorsqu'ils ontrendu visite aux requérants le 10 février 1979 ils•ont per- sonnellement remarqué, des ecchymoses sur les jambes des requérants Campbell ëi Hunter qui, leui a-t-on dit, avaient été causées par les bottés des gardiens pendant la fouille précédant leur visite . . - De son c6té, le Gouvernement explique que les détenus sont déshabillé s pour ètre fouillés lorsqu'ils sont transférés dans un autre pavillon' et avin tcomme apiés les visites . Lescellules devant étre nettoyées lorsqu'ellésont été souillées pardesdétenus contestataires, ceux-ci'sont envoyés dans un autre pavillon à des intervalles de sept à dix jours . L'expérience montre aussi que des-objéts peuvent ètre cachés dans la bouche ou -le, réctum'. Ce que l'on appelle'une fouille'rapprochéeest donc effectuée sur ces détenus à ces occasions . Le détenu, qui est nu, doit ouvrir la bouche, qui fait l'objet d'un examen visuel . Il doit aussi s'accroupir au-dessus d'un petit miroir etécarter les . fesses de façon qu'un gardien puisse voir si un objet est dissimulé ; lorsque la lumiére est faible une torche électrique peut être utilisée et un détecteur de métal sert à déceler les objets métalliques. Ni la bouche ni le rectum ne sont soumis à un examen comportant un contact physique . . 'Si ün détenu'est soupçonnéde cacher :un objet dans son'rectum, ilest envoyé au bloc cellulaire ; si l'on soupçonne la présence d'un objetmétal- lique ou dangereux, un médecin de la prison est appelé maisil n'effectue pas d'examen physique, si le détenu s'y refuse ; .dans ce cas ou lorsque la tentative de dissimuler un objet ne semble pas comporter un risque pour sa santé, on laisse le détenu dans une cellule avec un pot de chambre jusqu'é ce.que l'objet soit expulsé . . . . . . Lorsqu'un détenu ne collabore pas à une fouille avant une visite, la visite est interdite, sauf s'il s'agit de celle d'un homme de loi . Dans les très rares cas où un détenu refuse d'être (ouillé avant pareille• visite ; le directeur en est informé, la visite a lieu sous contrôle visuel rapprochéet une fouille est effectuée ensuite . - . • Les fouilles rapproçhées sont habituellement effectuée par - troi s gardiens et un gardien-chef ce nombre est nécessaire parce que les détenu s - 116 - opposent habituellement, ne serait-ce qu'une résistance de principe, mais ce n'est que si leur résistance est forte qu'il est fait appel 9 d'autres gardiens . Aucun autre détenu n'y assiste . Les procédés susmentionnés de fouille_rapprochée sont ceux actuelle- ment en usage. Pour l'essentiel la méthode a été mise en place aprés que l'on a découvert que de nombreux objets avaient été introduits en fraude ; l'incident le plus marquant survint le 30 aoùt 1978 : un détenu avait mis dans son rectum un briquet métallique qui était si solidement engagé que le médecin a dù utiliser des forceps pour l'enlever A l'origine la fouille ne se faisait pas de maniére en tous points uniforme . L'emploi d'un miroir a été introduit en janvier 1979, parce qu'é défaut le gardien courait le risque de recevoir un coup de pied au visage et le détenu pouvait se blessér en opposant une trop grande résistance . Les fouilles approfondies sont considérées comme nécessaires car les détenus sont capables de dissimuler des objets présentant un danger pour la sécurité de la prison Ainsi, le 12 novembre 1978, des pierres à briquet ont été utilisées pour mettre le feu à des morceaux de papier hygiénique et brûler des écrans en plexiglas . Des messages dissimulés peuvent servir à mettre au point des tentatives d'évasion, à désigner des gardiens de prison au meurtre ou à faciliter l'entrée et la sortie d'objets en fraude. Les fouilles effectuées lors de transferts dans un autre pavillon sont jugées nécessaires parce qu'elles permettent de découvrir des objets passés inaperçus lors d'autres fouilles. Une autre illustration du danger couru est fournie par un incident survenu le 16 juillet 1978 dans le pavillon « A » de la prison de Belfast, od s'est produite une explosion due, pense-t-on, é la concentration de bouts d'allumettes dans une boite de tabac, une chaussette ayant servi de méche . Parmi les objets dissimulés dans le rectum de détenus contestataires figuraient : des briquets, des pierres à briquet, des lames de rasoir, du tabac, des cigarettes, des cigares, des coupures de presse, des comprimés, des allu- mettes, des chewing gums, du papier à cigarette, des recharges de stylos à bille, un peigne métallique, un bouton dont les trous étaient bouchés par des pierres à briquet . Sur cette liste figurent des objets trouvés tant lors de fouilles à l'occa- sion de transferts à d'autres pavillons que lors de fouilles au moment de visites. Le 9 novembre 1978 ont été trouvés, en une seule fois, dans le rectum d'un détenu les objets suivant s quinze comprimés, du tabac, du papier à cigarette, deux recharges de stylos, une lame de rasoir . Outre les objets découverts lors de fouilles reste la possibilité que d'autres aient pu ou puissent être dissimulés . Ainsi, le fait que du tabac e n - 117 - morceaux de 7,5 cro sur 2,5 cm ait été caché dans le rectum donne à penser que de la gélignite en bâton pourrait elle aussi être dissimulée . LeGouvernement soutient que, vu les faits précités, la fouille est incontestablement une mesure à la fois nécessaire et raisonnable . Les requérants répliquent que la fouille compléte n'a commencé qu'en février 1978. Ainsi, avant cette date, plusieurs centaines de détenus ont été incarcérés pendant plus de douze mois sans que la sécurité ait été mise en péril. De plus, le Gouvernement omet de préciser que la fouille totale ne s'applique qu'aux détenus contestataires et les requérants nient catégorique- ment que les détenus dociles soient soumis aux mèmes mesures. Depuis février 1978, ils sont soumis à une fouille approfondie alors qu'ils sont nus et ils continuent à étre soumis à cette procédure humiliante, tandis que l'on . continue à« palper » les autres détenus Ils relévent qu'en plus de la fouille dont ils font l'objet avant les visites et au moment du transfert à un autre pavillon, leurs cellules sont fouillées chaque semaine . Le détenu est invité à enlever la couverture ou la serviette qu'il utilise peut-étre pour se couvrir le milieu du corps et à la secouer . Les requérants ne contestent pas la nécessité des fouilles mais ils pro- testent contre l'humiliation que constitue la fouille compléte et contre les contraventions réguliéres à la régle qui veut qu'un détenu ne soit pas fouillé en présence d'un autre. Ils font remarquer que des procédés mécaniques ou électroniques permettent de détecter les objets métalliques ou autres objets dangereux pour la sécurité . Ouant à l'énumération d'objets découverts lors de fouilles par les auto- rités pénitentiaires, ils font observer que les détenus dociles peuvent disposer de plein droit ou à titre de privilége de la plupart de ces objets (par exemple briquets, cigarettes, pierres à briquets, boutons, coupures de presse, compri- més, recharge de stylo) . C'est à cause du régime pénitentiaire sévére auquel les requérants sont soumis que ces objets deviennent des articles de contre- bande . Enfin, selon eux, la fouille vise davantage à renforcer le refus des priviléges qu'é défendre la sécurité de la prison 9. Exercice Les requérants déclarent qu'ils sont privés de tout exercice . Chacun d'eux a purgé sa peine sans un seul moment d'exercice ou de récréation, à l'exception du requérant Nugent, qui a été autorisé à prendre de l'exercice vêtu de sa couverture avant janvier 1977 . C'est ainsi que le requérant McFeeley et le requérant Nugent ont été respectivement 17 et 23 mois en réclusion permanente Tous se plaignent de douleurs et de malaise et les requérants McFeeley et Campbell se plaignent en particulier d'mdéme et de douleurs dans les jambes. Les requérants prétendent que le refus d'exercice constitue une forme de privation sensoriell e - 118 - Ils expliquent que l'exercice a été d'abord autorisé à la condition qu'ils soient nus ouen uniforme . Au cours d'entrevues avec le directeur, en mai et juin 1978, il fut déclaré à trois d'entre eux (Hunter, Campbell et Nugentlque l'exercice nu ne serait pas autorisé en raison des mauvaises conditions atmosphériques Or, ils ont produrtdes extraits d'archives météorologiques pour la pAriode du 10 mai à la fin de juin 1978 dont il ressort que le temps était exceptionnellement beau . Aprés interdiction de sortir une couverture de la cellule, en novembre 1976, le requérant Nugent. a cessé de participer à l'exercice, parce qu'il n'était pas disposé à le faire nu ou en uniforme . Le requérant McFeetey a fait de même. En juillet 1977, une demande du requérant McFeeley au directeur visant à ce que les détenus puissent prendre de l'exercice en tenue de sport a été rejetée . Il lui répondu que les détenus ne pou«aient disposer de véte- ments de sport que s'ils se conformaient au règlement pénitentiaire . Le Gouvernemént répond que les requérants n'ont pas été empcchés de prendre de l'exercice mais qu'ils ne ne sont pas prévalus de cette faculté . Ils peuvent le faire avec les vêtements, ou avec les sous-vêtements de la prison, ou bien encore nus . Le directeur a donné des ordres en ce sens en février et novembre 1977 . Dans l'intérét du bon ordre de la prison, les détenus ne peuvent toutefois pas prendre de l'exercice vêtus de couvertures . Si le temps n'est pas clément, le directeur décide si .l'on peut prendre de l'exercice nu . Les détenus ont le droit de prendre une heure d'exercice par jour en plein air . Les détenus qui se conforment au réglement disposent de terrains de jeu et d'un gymnase . 10 . Restrictions alimentaires Les requérants Hunter et Nugent se plaignent de s'être vu infliger un régime alimentaire restreint alors qu'ils se trouvaient en isolement cellulaire . Ce régime, connu sous le nom de régime N° 1, est décrit dans l'annexe au Réglement pénitentiaire pour l'Irlande du Nord de 1954 . Ce régime compor- terait : au petit déjeuner, du thé noir et deux tranches de pain sec : au déjeuner, une tasse de potage ; le soir, du thé noir et deux tranches de pain . Les requérants se rétérent au rapport du psychiatre et en particulier à son avis selon lequel le régime restreint « a ués probablement des effets néfastes pour la santé des détenus sujets à des défaillances n . Le Gouvernement précise que depuis octobre 1978 le régime N° 1 n'est plus infligé é titre de sanction disciplinaire . 11 . Peines collectives Les requérants se plaignent que tous les meubles aient été retirés d e leur cellule parce que d'autres détenus (mais aucun des requérantsl en avaient endommagé . Ils prétendent que les actes commis étaient tels que les responsables auraient pu étre immédiatement dAcouverts et faire individuelle- - 119 - ment l'objet des mesures prévues pir . le réglement pénitentiaire. De m@me, les ouvrages,ieligieux, les seuls dont les requérants disposaient à l'époque, leur ont été retirés soûsprétexteque certains détenus en avaient mésusé . Ils affirmént enfin qu'à titre de peine collective, ils auraiént été'privés du droit de recevoir du dentifricéde l'extérieur de la prison . 12 . Isolement et réclusion cellulaires Le requérant McFeeley se plaint individuellement d'avoir été soumis à des périodes d'isolement cellulaire sans décision en bonne et due forme et sans avoir été informé de la durée ou des motifs'de cet isolement . Dans sa déclaration, il'préciseque du 10 mars au 19'avril 1977, et à nobveau en janvier puis éri mârs 1978, il a été placé enréclûsion cellulaire sans expli- cation, sans avoir étA accusé d'avoir violé le réglementet sansqu'iI alt été statué sur pareille violation .ll a alors été mis en réclusion cellulâiré et privé detout contact avec d'autres détenus; de toute lecture, de tout exercice et de tous ses autres droits . Il n'aurait jamais été informé de, la durée . de sa réclusion cellulaire . . . . . ' Le mème requérant affirme que pendant qu'il se trouvait en cellule disciplinaire, il n'a pas été auto .risé éassisterà la messe, alors qu'il s'agit d'une obligationimpérative pour un catholique romain . En mars 1978, il aurait demandé au gardien A . la possibilité d'aller à la messe le dimanche suivant .Après avoir pris des instructions auprés du directeur, ce gardien l'aurait informé qu'il n'y serait pas autorisé . Le requérant ajoute que, dans son cas, assister à la messe n'aurait pas nécessairemént impliqué un contact avec d'autres détenus . En effet, comme la messe est habituellement célébrée dans la cantine où les différents pavillons de la prison sont séparés,il .n'aurait pas été difficile d'isoler McFeeley des autres détenus . Les autres requérants confirment d'expérience de McFeeley . Ils se plaignent que lorsqu'ils sont entendus en' confession chaque mois dans leur cellule,la porte doit rester ouverte, que le gardien reste à portée de voix et que leur compagnon de cellule est tenu de rester debout à la porte de la cellule . Le Gouvernement déclare que Ie10 mars 1977 le directeur a ordonn é que le requérant McFeeley soit privé de contact en vertu de l'article 24 du Réglement, parce qu'il tentait de s'ériger en chef des détenus à qui il donnait des ordres. L'interdiction de se réunir a été approuvée par le président de la commission des visiteurs, conformément à l'article 24, parce que le requérant était considéré comme une menace au bon ordre et à la discipline . Un détenu auquel est appliqué l'article 24 ne peut être logé qu'en .cellule de discipline, seul lieu à la prison de Maze où il puisse ètre tenu à l'écart des autres. Toutefois l'interdiction de contact ne constitue pas une punition et n'entraine absolument aucune perte de priviléges . Si le requérant avait eu droit aux priviléges le 10 mars 1977, il aurait continué àen jouir lorsque tout contact lui tut interdiu Le 18 avril 1977, le-requérant a été transféré au bloc H 5,aprés avoir accepté de se comporter comme les autres détenus . . 120 Le requérant McFeeley a été é nouveau placé en cellule disciplinaire conformément à l'article 24, le 9 janvier 1978, pour avoir une influence perturbatrice et pour avoir donné des ordres à d'autres détenus Il s'est déclaré lui-même en gréve de la faim et de la soif . Le 11 janvier, il a été transféré au bloc H 3, aprés avoir mis fin à sa gréve et s'être engagé à ne plus s'ériger en porte-parole . Il a été 9 nouveau transféré en cellule disciplinaire le 13 mars 1978 pour les mêmes raisons . II a fait une gréve de la faim du 13 au 21 mars 1978 . Le 19, il a été examiné par le médecin qui n'a constaté aucun motif d'in- quiétude. Le 30 mars, il a été transféré au bloc H 5, aprés avoir assuré à un sous-directeur qu'il ne donnerait pas d'ordres à d'autres détenus . C'est pour- quoi le Gouvernement juge sans aucun fondement l'allégation selon laquelle l'interdiction de contact faite au requérant constituait une tentative de briser sa volonté . Le Gouvernement fait observer qu'un détenu privé de contact n'est pas habituellement autorisé à assister à la messe puisqu'il y rencontrerait d'autres détenus . Toutefois, s'il demande à voir un prêtre, l'aum6nier de la prison est informé de suite et pourvoit aux besoins pastoraux ou spirituels du détenu . Lorsque le requérant McFeeley a été à plusieurs reprises privé de contact, les autorités pénitentiaires ont noté plusieurs visites de l'aumônier, mais il n'existe pas de trace qu'à l'une ou l'autre de ces occasions, il ait demandé à assister à la messe . Il n'apparait pas non plus qu'il ait formulé pareille demande soit au directeur, qui lui rendait visite chaque jour alors qu'il était privé de contact, soit aux gardiens au moment prévu chaque jour pour la formulation de requêtes . Les requérants Campbell et Hunter se plaignent aussi de la réclusion cellulaire et de l'isolement qui en est résulté . Dans le cas de Campbell, cette punition lui aurait été infligée parce qu'il aurait été trouvé en possession de vingt cigarettes. Les requérants relévent à ce sujet que les détenus qui ne sont pas punis ont droit à des cigarettes . Le requérant Hunter estime qu'une punition de trois jours d'isolement en cellule disciplinaire et de restrictions alimentaires Irégime N° 1) était totalement disproportionnée à l'infraction à la discipline qu'il avait commise, à savoir le fait de détenir huit cigarettes . 13 . Le trairement des détenues de la prison d'Armagh Les requérants soulignent que les condamnées placées dans le pavillon des femmes de la prison d'Armagh refusent pour les mêmes motifs . que les requérants de porter l'uniforme de la prison et d'effectuer du travail péni- tentiaire, mais qu'elles ne sont pas soumises au mème traitement rigoureux . Le Gouvernement répond que les détenues de la prison d'Armagh sont autorisées à porter leurs vêtements personnels depuis mars 1972 . Bien qu'il s'agisse d'un privilége, cette mesure a été introduite à titre permanent e t - 121 - n'est pas suspendue en cas de sanction disciplinaire . Les autorités peuvent néanmoins interdire aux détenues de porter des piéces de vétement préju- diciables à la sécurité, par exemple des vêtements analogues à l'uniforme des gardiensou représentant l'uniforme d'une organisation paramilitaire . - Les détenues contestataires de la prison d'Armagh font l'objet de déci . sions disciplinaires prononcées tous les quinze jours pour refus dé travailler les sanctions suivantes sont prononcées : '14 jours de perte dé rémise de peine ; privation'des visites à titre de priviléges, privation des colis à titre de priviléges ; privation des séances cinématographiques à titre de priviléges ; privation des réunions des samedis et dinianches soirs Ic'est-A-dire que les détenues sont enfermées à partir de 16h301 . Pendant les heures de travail, elles sont enfermées dans leur cellule ; elles sont privées du droit à du matériel éducatif Isâuf de l'usage de la bibliothéquel et, comme elles n'ont pas de salaire, elles ne peuvent s'acheter le matériel leur permettant de participer aux travaux manuels . Les requérants répliquent que les différences de traitement indiquée s ci-dessus sont au détriment des détenus masculins sur les points suivants : a. Les détenues sont autorisées à porter leurs vêtements personnels et ne sont pas tenues de porter l'uniforrne de la prison, alors que les détenus sont obligés de porter l'uniforme et ne peuvent porter leurs vêtements per . sonnels qu'à titre de privilége en des occasions limitées Les détenues ne peuvent être privées du privilége de porter leurs vétements personnels, alors que les hommes en sont privés pour les occasions limitées où ils pourraient s'en prévaloir . . . . . b . Les détenues ne sont pas placées en réclusion cellulaire par périodes de trois jours par quinzaine, comme cela s'est produit pour les hommes jusqu'au 6 octobre 1978 , elles ne sont pas placées en réclusion du tout . c Les détenues ne sont pas placées encellule disciplinaire ni soumises à des restrictions alimentaires . d.' Les détenues, bien que privées de réunion le soir pendant les week- ends, jouissent des possibilités normales de réunion du lundi au vendredi y compris aux repas et le soir. Pendant les moments de contact, elles peuvent se rendre visite dans leurs cellules ou dans des salles de réunion prévues à cette fin, où elles peuvent regarder la télévision. Elles peuvent faire du thé dans leurs cellules pour :elles-mémes et d'autres détenues. Les détenus, par contre,n'ont droit à âucune réunion que ce soit en semaine ou les week- ends, dés ledébut de leur peine . . ' e. Les détenues, bien qu'enfermées dans leur cellûle pendant les heures de travail, n'en sont pas moinsautorisées à quitter leurs cellules à - 122 - intervalles déterminés pour utiliser les toilettes . Jusqu'é mai 1977, les détenus n'étaient pas autorisés à utiliser les toilettes pendant la journée . f. Les détenues ont chaque jour au moins deux possibilités distinctes de prendre, sous surveillance, de l'exercice, pour lequel elles sont autorisées à porter leurs vêtements personnels . Les détenus n'ont pas pareille possibilité dans les mémes conditions . g. Les détenues peuvent garder avec elles et dépenser jusqu'é 4 livres d'argent personnel par semaine à la cantine, alors que les détenus ne sont pas autorisés à conserver ou à dépenser le moindre argent personnel . h. Aucune restriction n'est imposée à la correspondance des femmes, qu'il s'agisse des lettres envoyées ou reçues . Les hommes, par contre, ne sont autorisés à envoyer et recevoir qu'une lettre par mois . i. Les femmes ont accés à des magazines ou à toute autre lecture disponible dans la prison. Quant aux hommes, l'accés à des magazines ou toute autre lecture leur a été refusé dés le début de leur peine en vertu de l'article 201 du Réglement . j. Les femmes peuvent lire un quotidien avec l'accord du censeur de la prison . L'accés à des journaux, que ce soit quotidiennement ou non, est refusé aux hommes en vertu de l'article 201 du Réglemen t k . Les femmes peuvent se rendre à la bibliothèque vètues de leurs vétements personnels ; elles peuvent y emprunter des livres et y aller une fois par semaine pour les changer . Les hommes doivent porter l'uniforme de la prison pour avoir accès à la bibliothéque . L'accés à la bibliothéque leur est refusé s'ils sont couverts de leurs serviettes et comme ils refusent de porter l'uniforme de la prison, ils n'ont pas accés aux livres de la bibliothéque . /. Les femmes peuvent détenir un poste de radio dans leurs cellules si elles en possédent un . Elles peuvent décorer leur cellule avec des souvenirs et des photographies de famille, etc . Ces priviléges sont refusés aux hommes . Les requérants ne discernent aucune différence importante entre les prisons de Maze et d'Armagh qui puissent justifier une différence de traite- ment aussi saisissante . II . GRIEFS Griefs généraux formulés par les quatre requérants Les requérants soutiennent qu'ils sont conjointement et individuellement victimes de violations des articles 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13 et 14 de la Conven- tion . - 123 - Article 3 Les requérants soutiennent quele régime sous lequel ils sont détenus, tel qu'il est décrit ci-dessus . constitue un systéme de traitement inhumain et dégradant . La réaction officielle à leurs actes est excessive et totalement disproportionnée à leur refus de porter l'uniforme de la prison . De plus, ils estiment que, pris séparément, le systéme de punitions continues en vertu du Réglement pénitentiaire, l'imposition de l'isolement ou de la réclusion cellulaires et le prononcé de sanctions collectives constituent des peines inhumaines et dégradantes . Enfin, ils se plaignent d'être .victimes d'une pratique administrative générale contraire à l'article 3 . Article 6 Se fondant sur l'arrêt de la Cour européenne des Droits de l'Homme dans l'affaire Engel et autres, les requérants soutiennent que l'article 6 s'applique au processus de prononcé et d'application des punitions par le directeur de la prison conformément au Règlement pénitentiaire, qui équivaut à statuer sur une accusation en matiére pénale . Article 8 Les requérants se plaignent é cet égard de la pratique en usage pour le vidage des pots, de l'obligation qui leur est faite de se laver et d'utiliser les toilettes en présence des gardiens, de l'usage de pots de chambre dans leur cellule à la vue de leurs campagnons . Ils se plaignent également des restric tions imposées aux visites (une par moisl et de l'obligation de porter l'uni- forme de la prison pour cette visite Les requérants se plaignent enfin des restrictions mises à leur correspondence tant pour le courrier sortantque pour le courrier entrant et des limites qui leur sont imposées pour écrire . Article 9 Les requérants alléguent que les contraindre à porter l'uniforme de la prison et à travailler, malgré leurs convictions profondément ancrées, viole leur liberté de conviction et de conscience . . Article 10 Sous l'angle de cet article également, les requérants se plaignent de la restriction imposée à leur liberté de correspondence . En outre, ils soutiennent que le refus total d'accès à la radio, à la télévision, é des films ou à des ouvrages de toutes sortes constitue une violation de leur liberté d'expression . Article 11 . Les requérants soutiennent que leur interdire les contacts avec d'autres détenus viole cette disposition . - 124 - Article 13 Ils prétendent en outre qu'il leur a manqué et continue à leur manquer un recours effectif devant un tribunal national, ce qui est contraire à cette disposition . Article 14 A propos de leur traitement, les requérants prétendent étre victimes d'une discriminatio n i . fondée sur leurs convictions politique s ii fondée sur le sexe, en ce que leur traitement est plus rigoureux que celui des détenues contestataires qui purgent leur peine à la prison d'Armagh . Griefs particuliers formulés par chaque requérant Article 3 1 . Les requérants Hunter et Nugent déclarent que les restrictions alimen- taires (régime N° 1, « pain et eau nl constituent un traitement inhumain et dégradant . 2 . Les requérants Campbell et Hunter prétendent que leur mise en réclusion en cellule disciplinaire le 19 décembre 1977 pour Campbell et le 19 avril 1978 pour Hunter, parce qu'ils étaient en possession de cigarettes, constitue une punition totalement disproportionnée à l'infraction dont il s'agit et donc une peine inhumain e 3. Les requérants McFeeley et Nugent alléguent que de septembre 1976 à mai 1977 Idans le cas de Nugent) et de février à mai 1977 (dans le cas de McFeeley), ils se sont vu refuser le droit d'utiliser les toilettes pendasnt la journée . Article 8 Le requérant Campbell fourmule un grief séparé tiré d'une violation de cette disposition en ce qu'il y a eu entrave à des communications entre lui-mème et son solicitor et que des notes destinées à celui-ci au sujet de la présente requête ont été confisquées . Le requérant Hunter se plaint de s'étre vu confisquer des souvenirs et photographies de famille qui lui avaient été adressés pour qu'il les place dans sa cellule. Il soutient que cette ingérence est disproportionnée et injustifiable . Article 9 Le requérant McFeeley se plaint qu'en mars 1978, alors qu'il était privé de contact en vertu de l'article 24 du Réglement, il s'est vu refuser l'auto- risation d'assister à la messe du dimanche . Il allègue qu'il s'agit d'une entrave à son droit de pratiquer sa religion . - 126 - Article 18 Le requérant McFeeley formule un grief séparé du fait des périodes d'isolement cellulaire auquel il a été soumis sans décision en bonne et due forme. Il estime que ces punitions constituent des restrictions aux droits que lui reconnaissent les articles 8, 9, 10 et 11, restrictions apportées à d'autres fins que celles prévues au paragraphe 2 de ces dispositions, c'est-àdire pour briser sa volonté et sa résistance et le contraindre à agir à l'encontre de sa conscience et de ses convictions . EN DROIT 1 . La Commission examinera les objections du Gouvernement défendeur quant à la recevabilité de la requète dans l'ordre suivan t a . objection selon laquelle la requête est abusive ; b. objection selon laquelle les requérants ne sont pas victimes, au sens de l'article 25 de la Convention ; c. objection selon laquelle les requérants n'ont pas épuisé les voies de recours internes, comme l'exige l'article 26 ; d. objection selon laquelle la requête doit être rejetée en vertu de la « régle des six mois n ; e. objection selon laquelle les griefs tirés de différents articles sont soit manifestemenr mal fondés soit incompatibles avec les dispositions de la Convention . Quant à l'abus du droit de recour s 2 Le Gouvernement défendeur soutient notamment que la requête est inspirée par un souci de publicité et de propagande, dans le but de faire pression sur le Gouvernement pour qu'il réintroduise le a statut spécial » . Il se référe à cet égard aux articles détaillées que la presse a consacrés à la requéte tant avant son enregistrement qu'aprés que la Commission a décidé de la lui communiquer pour observations . De plus, affirme-t-il, les requérants ne cherchent qu'é se soustraire aux conséquences de leur condamnation et créent délibérément les conditions qui constituent la base des griefs qu'ils soumettent à la Commission . Les requérants répondent notamment qu'ils n'ont pas recherché la publicité qui a été faite . 3. La Commission estime que la question de savoir si une requête est ou non abusive, au sens de la Convention, dépend des circonstances parti- culiéres de l'affaire . De plus, bien que conformément au Réglement intérieu r - 126 - de la Commission' le dossier soit confidentiel, il faut admettre que certaines requêtes controversées donneront lieu à une pub6cité et peut-être à une pro- pagande dont le requérant ne peut être tenu pour responsable . 4 . En l'espéce, la Commission a constaté une large couverture des évAne- ments dans la presse . Elle rappelle néanmoins ce qu'elle a déclaré dans l'affaire Lawless : « le fait pour la requête d'avoir été inspirée par des motifs de publicité et de propagande politique, mème s'il était établi, n'aurait pas néces- sairement pour conséquence de rendre la requête abusive » ISérie B, 1960-1961, P . 501 . En pareil cas on pourrait conclure que la requète est abusive s'il appa- raissait à l'évidence qu'elle n'est pas étayée par des faits ou sort du champ d'application de la Convention . La Commission n'estime pas que tel soit le cas en l'espéce De plus, il ne ressort pas du dossier que les requérants ou leurs représemants ont cherché à metlre A profit ou à exploiter la présente procédure à des fins politiques ou de propagande . Enfin, la Commission estime que c'est plutôt au regard des autres motifs de recevabilité énoncés à l'article 27, paragraphe 2, qu'il convient d'examiner l'allégation du Gouvernement défendeur selon la- quelle les requérants créent délibérément les conditions dont ils se plaignent et ne cherchent qu'8 se soustraire aux conséquences de leur condamnation . Quant au point de savoir si les requérants sont